ผู้ใช้:Waniosa Amedestir/ทดลองเขียน 1

อัลกุตุบุสซิตตะฮ์ แก้

อัลกุตุบุสซิตตะฮ์ (อาหรับ: ٱلْكُتُب ٱلسِّتَّة, แปลตรงตัว'หนังสือหกเล่ม') เป็นหนังสือหกเล่ม (เดิมมีห้า) ที่มีชุดสะสมฮะดีษ (คำพูดหรือการกระทำของศาสดามุฮัมมัด) ที่รวบรวมโดยนักวิชาการมุสลิมนิกายซุนนี 6 คนในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 9 ประมาณสองศตวรรษหลังมุฮัมมัดเสียชีวิต บางครั้งมีการกล่าวถึงเป็นอัศเศาะเฮียฮุสซิตตะฮ์ ซึ่งปลว่า "(หนังสือที่)น่าเชื่อถือทั้งหก" มีการรววบรวมและกำหนดอย่าเป็นทางการครั้งแรกโดยอิบน์ อัลก็อยซะรอนีในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 11 ผู้เพิ่มซุนัน อิบน์ มาญะฮ์ลงในกลุ่มหนังสือด้วย[1][2][3] ใช่ว่านักวิชาการนิติศาสตร์มุสลิมนิกายซุนนีทุกคนยอมรับการเพิ่มหนังสือของอิบน์ มาญะฮ์ โดยเฉพาะมัซฮับมาลิกีและอิบน์ อัลอะษีรที่ถือว่าอัลมุวัฏเฏาะอ์ไปเป็นเล่มที่หก[4] เหตุผลที่เพิ่มซุนันของอิบน์ มาญะฮ์คือ มันมีฮะดีษที่ไม่มีในหนังสือทั้งห้าเล่ม ในขณะที่หนังสือฮะดีษของมุวัฏเฏาะอ์สามารถพบในหนังสือเศาะเฮียะห์เล่มอื่น[4]

ความสำคัญ แก้

มุสลิมนิกายซุนนีมีมุมมองถึงs view the six major hadith collections as their most important, though the order of authenticity varies between Madhhabs:[5]

  1. Sahih Bukhari, collected by Imam Bukhari (d. 256 AH, 870 CE), includesα 7,563 ahadith (including repetitions, around 2,600 without repetitions)[6][7]
  2. Sahih Muslim, collected by Muslim b. al-Hajjaj (d. 261 AH, 875 CE), includes 7,500 ahadith (including repetitions, around 3,033 without repetitions)[8][9]
  3. Sunan al-Sughra, collected by al-Nasa'i (d. 303 AH, 915 CE), includes 5,270 ahadith (including repetitions)[10]
  4. Sunan Abu Dawood, collected by Abu Dawood (d. 275 AH, 888 CE), includes 5,274 ahadith (including repetitions)[11]
  5. Jami al-Tirmidhi, collected by al-Tirmidhi (d. 279 AH, 892 CE), includes 4,400 ahadith (including repetitions, only 83 are repeated)[12][13]
  6. Sunan ibn Majah, collected by Ibn Majah (d. 273 AH, 887 CE), includes 4,341 ahadith (including repetitions)[14]

The first two, commonly referred to as the Two Sahihs as an indication of their authenticity, contain approximately seven thousand hadiths altogether if repetitions are not counted, according to Ibn Hajar.α[15]

Authors แก้

According to the Cambridge History of Iran:[16] "After this period commences the age of the authors of the six canonical collections of Sunni hadith, all of whom were Persian, except Imam Malik. The authors of the six collections are as follows:

  1. Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Bukhari, the author of the Sahih Bukhari, which he composed over a period of sixteen years. Traditional sources quote Bukhari as saying that he did not record any hadith before performing ablution and praying. Bukhari died near Samarqand in 256/869–70
  2. Muslim b. Hajjaj al-Naishapuri, who died in Nishapur in 261/874–5 and whose Sahih Muslim is second in authenticity only to that of Bukhari. Some scholars rate the authenticity of Sahih Muslim more than Sahih Bukhari
  3. Abu Dawood Sulaiman b. Ash'ath al-Sijistani, a Persian but of Arab descent, who died in 275/888–9.
  4. Muhammad b. 'Isa al-Tirmidhi, the author of the well-known as Sunan al-Tirmidhi, who was a student of Bukhari and died in 279/892–3.
  5. Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Nasa'i, who was from Khurasan and died in 303/915–16.
  6. Ibn Majah al-Qazwini, who died in 273/886–7.

อ้างอิง แก้

หมายเหตุ แก้

Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim contain many of the same Hadith with different chains, and Bukhari in particular also simply repeats the same Hadith with the same chain in multiple chapters. There is disagreement on the amount of unique hadith in the collections due to the disagreements over what Hadith to include as a repeat (chain/text variations) and whether to include same chain repeats in the total number etc.

อ้างอิง แก้

  1. Goldziher, Ignác (1889–1890). Muslim Studies. Vol. 2. Halle. p. 240. ISBN 0-202-30778-6.
  2. Lucas, Scott C. (2004). Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 106.
  3. Ibn Khallikan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 3. แปลโดย William McGuckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 5.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Tahir al-Jazairi. توجيه النظر. p. 153.
  5. "Various Issues About Hadiths". Abc.se. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2012-10-16. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-06-26.
  6. "About Bukhari". Sunnah.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  7. Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, pg. 160-9 Dar al-Ma’aarif edition
  8. Abamasoor, Muhammad; Abamasoor, Haroon (27 February 2015). "Question regarding Hadith numbers in Sahih Muslim". Hadith Answers. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  9. "About Muslim". Sunnah.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  10. "About Sunan an-Nasa'i". Sunnah.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  11. "About Sunan Abi Dawud". Sunnah.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  12. "About Jami` at-Tirmidhi". Sunnah.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  13. Haddad, Gibril. "Imam Tirmidhi". Sunnah.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  14. "About Sunan Ibn Majah". Sunnah.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 May 2020.
  15. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (2003). al-Nukat 'Ala Kitab ibn al-Salah. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Ajman, U.A.E.: Maktabah al-Furqan. p. 153.
  16. Nasr, S. H. (1975). "The religious sciences". ใน R. N. Frye (บ.ก.). Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press.

ข้อมูล แก้

ศาสนาฮินดูในประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน (Hinduism in Afghanistan) แก้

ชาวอัฟกันที่นับถือศาสนาฮินดู
افغان هندوان
هندوس افغانی
 
ประชากรทั้งหมด
50 คนในอัฟกานิสถาน[1]
กลุ่มพลัดถิ่นขนาดใหญ่ที่อินเดีย, เยอรมนี, สหรัฐ, สหราชอาราจักร และแคนาดา
ภูมิภาคที่มีประชากรอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ
จะลาลาบาด, คาบูล
ภาษา
ปาทาน, Hindko, ปัญจาบ, ดารี, สินธี และฮินดูสตานี (อูรดู-ฮินดี)
ศาสนา
ฮินดู[2]

มีชาวอัฟกันที่นับถือศาสนาฮินดูในประเทศอัฟกานิสถานเป็นจำนวนน้อยมาก เชื่อว่ามีประมาณ 50 คน[1][3] who live mostly in the cities of Kabul and Jalalabad. Afghan Hindus are ethnically Pashtun,[4] Hindkowan (Hindki), Punjabi, or Sindhi and primarily speak Pashto, Hindko, Punjabi, Dari, and Hindustani (Urdu-Hindi).

Before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan, the Afghan people were multi-religious.[5] Religious persecution, discrimination, and forced conversion of Hindus perpetrated by Muslims has caused the Afghan Hindus, along with Buddhist and Sikh population, to dwindle from Afghanistan.[6]

During the 1970s, the Afghan Hindu population was estimated to number between 80,000 and 280,000 (0.7%–2.5% of the national population).[a][b][c][9] However, the population rapidly declined thereafter due to the Afghan wars along with continued persecution, discrimination and forced conversion.[10]

Diaspora of Hindus แก้

Afghan Hindu Diaspora
ประชากรทั้งหมด
80,000 - 280,000[3][7][9][8] (ประมาณ 1980)
ภูมิภาคที่มีประชากรอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ
India, Germany, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia
  อินเดีย15,000-16,000[2]
  เยอรมนี7,000-10,000[11]
  สหรัฐ3,000[12]
  สหราชอาณาจักร1,600[13]
ภาษา
Hindko (native), English, Hindi , Punjabi, Pashto (older generation), Dari (older generation)

As both populations are frequently merged in historic and contemporary estimations, the population ratio between Afghan Sikhs and Hindus is estimated to be 60:40 according to historian Inderjeet Singh.[d]

With a wide range of population approximations in the absence of official census data and with much of the community concentrated in the provinces of Kabul, Nangarhar, Ghazni, and Kandahar, the Afghan Hindu population was estimated to be between 80,000 and 280,000 in the 1970s,[3][7][e][9][8][f] as per estimates by historian Inderjeet Singh, Ehsan Shayegan with the Porsesh Research and Studies Organisation and Rawail Singh, an Afghan Sikh civil rights activist.

In the time of 1980's after the Afghan civil war 1979 the population of Hindus and Sikh fell at a very fast rate due to Taliban's rise to power and religious persecution and discrimination and they migrated from Afghanistan to other countries,[14] The continue rise of Islamization and Taliban insurgency also contributed in the diaspora.[15] The decline was seen mostly in Pashtuns-dominated areas,due to Pashtunistan and Pashtun nationalism.[16], with the Afghan Hindu population declining to 3,000 by 2009.[7]

As per the 2017 data, more than 99% of Afghan Sikhs and Hindus have left the country in the last 3 decades.[8] Many of Afghan Hindus and Sikhs have been settled in Germany, France, United States, Australia, India, Belgium, the Netherlands and other nations.[3]

The Afghan Hindu population declined to approximately 50 in 2020.[3] Later, following the Fall of Kabul in 2021, the Government of India evacuated many Sikhs and Hindus out of the country due to the Taliban takeover. As a result, only one Hindu priest remains in the nation today, also acting as Temple guard.[17]

ดูเพิ่ม แก้


หมายเหตุ แก้

  1. รายงานจากสิงห์ มีชาวลัคที่นับถือศาสนาซิกข์และฮินดูอย่างน้อย 2 คน (ในอัตราส่วน 60:40) ในอัฟกานิสถานจนถึงคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1970[3]
  2. Shayegan กล่าวว่า “ในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1970 มีชาวฮินดูและซิกข์ประมาณ 700,000 คน และตอนนี้มีประมาณน้อยกว่า 7,000 คน”[7]
  3. “An investigation by TOLOnews reveals that the Sikh and Hindu population number was 220,000 in the 1980's.[8]
  4. According to Singh, there were at least 2 lakh Sikhs and Hindus (in a 60:40 ratio) in Afghanistan until the 1970s.[3]
  5. “In the 70s, there were around 700,000 Hindus and Sikhs, and now they are estimated to be less than 7,000,” Shayegan says.[7]
  6. “An investigation by TOLOnews reveals that the Sikh and Hindu population number was 220,000 in the 1980's.[8]

อ้างอิง แก้

  1. 1.0 1.1 Country Policy and Information Note: Afghanistan: Hindus and Sikhs (PDF). Home Office, United Kingdom (Report). 6.0. March 2021. p. 15. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 May 2021.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Singh, Manpreet (22 August 2014). "Dark days continue for Sikhs and Hindus in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-02-13.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Goyal, Divya (28 July 2020). "Sikhs and Hindus of Afghanistan — how many remain, why they want to leave". The Indian Express.
  4. Ali, Tariq (2003). The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, jihads and modernity. Verso. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-85984-457-1. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 April 2008. The friends from Peshawar would speak of Hindu and Sikh Pashtuns who had migrated to India. In the tribal areas – the no man's land between Afghanistan and Pakistan – quite a few Hindus stayed on and were protected by the tribal codes. The same was true in Afghanistan itself (till the mujahidin and the Taliban arrived).
  5. Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries (ภาษาอังกฤษ). BRILL. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.
  6. Hutter, Manfred (2018). "Afghanistan". ใน Basu, Helene; Jacobsen, Knut A.; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (บ.ก.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_9000000190. ISBN 978-90-04-17641-6. ISSN 2212-5019.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Ruchi Kumar (1 January 2017). "The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities". Al Jazeera.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Nearly 99% Of Hindus, Sikhs Left Afghanistan in Last Three decades". TOLOnews (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-02-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (ลิงก์)
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ruchi Kumar (19 October 2017). "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear". เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 26 October 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 July 2021.
  10. Bagchi, Joymala. "Sikh Afghan Nationals Narrate Their Stories Of Fear, Suppression And Anxiety Faced In Kabul". businessworld.in. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-07-27.
  11. "Mitgliederzahlen: Hinduismus – REMID – Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V."
  12. "Afghans in New York Metro Area". Unreached New York.
  13. "Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations | US news". The Guardian. 9 June 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 March 2016.
  14. KABIR, NAHID A. (2005). "The Economic Plight of the Afghans in Australia, 1860—2000". Islamic Studies. 44 (2): 229–250. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20838963.
  15. Service, Tribune News. "Facing Islamic State, last embattled Sikhs, Hindus leave Afghanistan". Tribuneindia News Service (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-02-13.
  16. "Hindus in Afghanistan Archives". Hindu Council of Australia (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-02-13.
  17. "Last Hindu priest refuses to abandon Afghanistan ancestral temple, says 'will consider it Seva even if Taliban kills me'". Zee News (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 2021-08-17. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-03.

ข้อมูล แก้

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น แก้

พัสเซา (ทำให้ปลอดการละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์) แก้

Waniosa Amedestir/ทดลองเขียน 1
 
Donaulände และ เมืองเก่า
 
ธง
 
ตราอาร์ม
 
 
Waniosa Amedestir/ทดลองเขียน 1
 
 
Waniosa Amedestir/ทดลองเขียน 1
พิกัด: 48°34′28″N 13°27′53″E / 48.57444°N 13.46472°E / 48.57444; 13.46472
ประเทศเยอรมนี
รัฐไบเอิร์น
จังหวัดNiederbayern
อำเภอนครนอกอำเภอ
การปกครอง
 • นายกเทศมนตรี (2020–26) Jürgen Dupper[1] (SPD)
พื้นที่
 • ทั้งหมด69.58 ตร.กม. (26.86 ตร.ไมล์)
ความสูงจุดสูงสุด447 เมตร (1,467 ฟุต)
ความสูงจุดต่ำสุด294 เมตร (965 ฟุต)
ประชากร
 (2020-12-31)[2]
 • ทั้งหมด52,415 คน
 • ความหนาแน่น750 คน/ตร.กม. (2,000 คน/ตร.ไมล์)
เขตเวลาUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • ฤดูร้อน (เวลาออมแสง)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
รหัสไปรษณีย์94001–94036
รหัสโทรศัพท์0851
ทะเบียนพาหนะPA
เว็บไซต์www.passau.de
 
Aerial image of Passau showing the old town and the confluence of the rivers Inn, Danube, and Ilz (from left to right)

พัสเซา (เยอรมัน: Passau, ภาษาเยอรมัน: [ˈpasaʊ] (  ฟังเสียง); บาวาเรียกลาง: Båssa) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany, also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers") as the river Danube is joined by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

Passau's population is approx. 50,000, of whom about 12,000[3] are students at the University of Passau, renowned in Germany for its institutes of economics, law, theology, computer science and cultural studies.[4]

History แก้

In the 2nd century BC, many of the Boii tribe were pushed north across the Alps out of northern Italy by the Romans. They established a new capital called Boiodurum by the Romans (from Gaulish Boioduron), now within the Innstadt district of Passau.[5]

Passau was an ancient Roman colony called Batavis, Latin for "for the Batavi." The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe often mentioned by classical authors, and they were regularly associated with the Suebian marauders, the Heruli. Batavis (Passau-Altstadt) was a Roman castrum in the province of Raetia, while another late Roman castrum, Boiotro (Passau-Innstadt), was in the province of Noricum.

During the second half of the 5th century, St. Severinus established a monastery here. The site was subject to repeated raids by the Alemanni.[6] In 739, the recently consecrated English archbishop Boniface founded the diocese of Passau, which for many years was the largest diocese of the German Kingdom/Holy Roman Empire, covering territory in southern Bavaria and most of what is now Upper and Lower Austria. From the 10th century the bishops of Passau also exercised secular authority as Prince-Bishops in the immediate area around Passau (see Prince-Bishopric of Passau [de]).

 
Passau ป. 1581

In the Treaty of Passau (1552), Archduke Ferdinand I, representing Emperor Charles V, secured the agreement of the Protestant princes to submit the religious question to a diet. This led to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

During the Renaissance and early modern period, Passau was one of the most prolific centres of sword and bladed weapon manufacture in Germany (after Solingen). Passau smiths stamped their blades with the Passau wolf, usually a rather simplified rendering of the wolf on the city's coat-of-arms. Superstitious warriors believed that the Passau wolf conferred invulnerability on the blade's bearer, and thus Passau swords acquired a great premium. According to the Donau-Zeitung, aside from the wolf, some cabalistic signs and inscriptions were added.[7] As a result, the whole practice of placing magical charms on swords to protect the wearers came to be known for a time as "Passau art". (See Eduard Wagner, Cut and Thrust Weapons, 1969.) Other cities' smiths, including those of Solingen, recognized the marketing value of the Passau wolf and adopted it for themselves. By the 17th century, Solingen was producing more wolf-stamped blades than Passau was.

In 1662, a devastating fire consumed most of the city. Passau was subsequently rebuilt in the Baroque style.

Passau was secularised and divided between the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of Salzburg in 1803. The portion belonging to Salzburg became part of Bavaria in 1805.

 
Passau 1892.

From 1892 until 1894, Adolf Hitler and his family lived in Passau.[8] The city archives mention Hitler being in Passau on four occasions in the 1920s for speeches. In addition, Heinrich Himmler spent some time there.

In November 1933, the building of Nibelungenhalle (Hall of the Nibelungs) was announced. Intended to hold 8,000 to 10,000 guests, and another 30,000 in front of it, in 1935 the hall also became quarters for a unit of the Austrian Legion.[9] Beginning in 1934, these troops had occupied a building that belonged to Sigmund Mandl, a Jewish merchant. That building, in turn, was referred to as SA barracks.[10]

Beginning in 1940, Passau offered the building at Bräugasse 13 to Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle.[11]

During World War II, the city also housed three sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp: Passau I (Oberilzmühle),[12] Passau II (Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt) and Passau III (Jandelsbrunn). From January to May 1945, refugees from East Prussia and Silesia passed the city, after May, as the result of ethnic cleansing of neighboring Bohemia and Moravia of their German populace, further waves of refugees arrived in the city.[13]

 
High-water scale 1501–2002 at Passau as of September 2012

On 2 June 2013, the old town suffered from severe flooding as a result of several days of rain and its location at the confluence of three rivers [14] Peak elevations of floods as early as 1501 are displayed on a wall at the Old City Hall.[15] Flood water reaches the base of that wall on average once every 5 years.[15]: 19 

Subdivisions แก้

 
Areas of open council in Passau

Until 2013, the City of Passau was subdivided into eight statistical districts, which in general coincide with formerly separate municipalities. Since 2013, the city is divided in 16 so-called areas of open council ("Bürgerversammlungsgebiete").

เมืองพี่น้อง แก้

พัสเซาเป็นเมืองพี่น้องกับเมืองดังนี้:[16]

อ้างอิง แก้

  1. Liste der Oberbürgermeister in den kreisfreien Städten, accessed 19 July 2021.
  2. "Tabellenblatt "Daten 2", Statistischer Bericht A1200C 202041 Einwohnerzahlen der Gemeinden, Kreise und Regierungsbezirke". Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik (ภาษาเยอรมัน). June 2021.
  3. Universität Passau. "Die Universität im Überblick". สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 August 2021.
  4. "Wir über uns" [About Us]. Passau University: Catholic Theology Faculty. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2007-12-13.
  5. Collis, John (2003). The Celts: Origins, Myth and Inventions. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0752429137.
  6. Drinkwater, John F. (2007). The Alamanni and Rome 213-496 (Caracalla to Clovis). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19929568-5.
  7. Rosmus, Anna. Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 201
  8. Rosmus, Anna. Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 20f
  9. Rosmus, Anna. Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 98-101
  10. Rosmus, Anna. Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 102f
  11. Rosmus, Anna. Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 241ff
  12. Rosmus, Anna. Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 207f
  13. Egon Harings (2019). Vertreibung aus Mähren: Der Todesmarsch von Brünn. tredition.
  14. "Floods threaten Dresden as Prague river levels fall". BBC News. 4 June 2013.
  15. 15.0 15.1 Eychaner, James H. (2015). "Lessons from a 500-year record of flood elevations" (PDF) (Technical Report 7 ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: Association of State Floodplain Managers. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 September 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal ต้องการ |journal= (help)
  16. "Partnerschaften und Städtefreundschaften". passau.de (ภาษาเยอรมัน). Passau. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-03-07.

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