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ผู้ใช้:Adrich/ทดลองเขียน

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เรือฟริเกต Pénélope ของกองทัพเรือฝรั่งเศสในปี ค.ศ. 1806
เรือฟริเกตสมัยใหม่ ชั้น Admiral Sergei Gorshkov ของกองทัพเรือรัสเซีย

เรือฟริเกต (อังกฤษ: Frigate, /ˈfrɪɡət/) เป็นเรือรบประเภทหนึ่ง ซึ่งมีบทบาทที่แตกต่างกันในยุคต่าง ๆ รวมถึงอาจมีความแตกต่างกันในแง่ของขีดความสามารถตามการแบ่งคำจำกัดความที่อาจมีความแตกต่างกัน

สำหรับเรือที่ถูกเรียกว่าฟริเกตในช่วงศตวรรษที่ 17 ถึงต้นศตวรรษที่ 18 จะใช้เรียกเรือที่มีใบเรือขึงตึง (full-rigged ship) ซึ่งถูกสร้างขึ้นมาเพื่อใช้ประสิทธิภาพด้านความเร็วและความคล่องแคล่วของตัวเรือ มีจุดประสงค์สำหรับการใช้เดินเรือเพื่อสอดแนม คุ้มกัน และลาดตระเวน โดยใช้ในภาพรวมของเรือประเภทนี้ซึ่งยังคงมีการออกแบบที่แตกต่างกันอยู่มากในแต่ละลำ จนกระทั่งในไตรมาสที่สองของช่วงทศวรรณที่ 18 สิ่งที่ถูกเรียกว่า เรือฟริเกตที่แท้จริง ก็ถูกพัฒนาขึ้นในประเทศฝรั่งเศส เป็นเรือลักษณะที่มีดาดฟ้าสำหรับติดอาวุธเพียงชั้นเดียว และชั้นล่างเป็นที่พักสำหรับลูกเรือของเรือ

ต่อมาช่วงปลายศตวรรษที่ 19 (ซึ่งเรือต้นแบบของอังกฤษและฝรั่งเศษถูกสร้างขึ้นช่วงปี ค.ศ. 1858) เรือฟริเกตหุ้มเกราะถูกพัฒนาขึ้นให้เป็นเรือรบหุ้มเกราะเหล็กที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงขึ้น โดยนิยามคำว่าเรือฟริเกตให้กับเรือที่มีการติดตั้งปืนใหญ่บนดาดฟ้าชั้นเดียว หลังจากการพัฒนาเรือรบหุ้มเกราะเหล็กประเภทนี้ขึ้นมา ทำให้การกำหนดชื่อเรียกให้กับเรือในขณะนั้นเปลี่ยแปลงไป และทำให้คำว่าเรือฟริเกตไม่ได้รับความนิยมในการใช้งาน

จากนั้นในช่วงสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง ชื่อของเรือประเภท "ฟริเกต" ถูกนำมาใช้งานอีกครั้งเพื่ออธิบายถึงเรือสำหรับเรือคุ้มกันเดินทะเลที่มีขนาดปานกลาง อยู่กึ่งกลางระหว่างเรือคอร์เวตและเรือพิฆาต หลังจากสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง เรือหลายประเภทได้ถูกจัดหมวดหมู่ให้มาอยู่ในประเภทของเรือฟริเกต โดยในแต่ละชาติอาจจะใช้คำจำกัดความที่แตกต่างกันเล็กน้อย ในขณะที่บางชาติจำกัดความให้เรือฟริเกตเป็นเรือสำหรับต่อต้านเรือดำน้ำ (ASW) ที่มีขนาดใหญ่เป็นพิเศษ แต่บางประเทศก็จำกัดความเพื่อใช้งานกับเรือที่ถูกเรียกกันโดยทั่วไปว่า เรือคอร์เวต เรือพิฆาต และเรือลาดตระเวนอาวุธปล่อยนำวิถีพลังงานนิวเคลียร์ สำหรับกองทัพเรือยุโรปบางชาติใช้คำว่า "ฟริเกต" กับทั้งเรือพิฆาตและเรือฟริเกต[1] ซึ่งคำว่ากับตันเรือฟริเกต (Frigate captain) ก็มีจุดเริ่มต้นมาจากเรือประเภทนี้เช่นกัน

ยุคเรือใบ

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ต้นกำเนิด

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คำว่า "ฟริเกต" (อังกฤษ: frigate, อิตาลี: fregata, ดัตช์: fregat, สเปน/คาตาลัน/โปรตุเกส/ซิซิลี: fragata, ฝรั่งเศส: frégate) มีต้นกำเนิดในปลายทศตวรรษที่ 15 ที่ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน มีความหมายถึงเรือรบประเภทเรือแจวเบาที่มีไม้พาย ใบเรือ และยุทโธปกรณ์ขนาดเบาที่สร้างขึ้นเพื่อใช้ความคล่องแคล่วและความรวดเร็ว[2]

 
เรือฟริเกตเบา ประมาณปี พ.ศ. 2218–2223

ศัพทมูลวิทยาของคำนี้ยังมีที่มาไม่แน่นอน ถึงแม้ว่ามันถูกสันนิฐานว่ามาจากรากศัพท์ของคำว่า aphractus ซึ่งเป็นคำภาษาลาตินที่หมายความว่าเรือแบบเปิดโล่งที่ไม่มีชั้นล่าง ในปี พ.ศ. 2126 ระหว่างสงครามแปดสิบปีในช่วง พ.ศ. 2111–2191 สเปนสมัยราชวงศ์ฮาพส์บวร์คได้กอบกู้อาณาจักรทางตอนใต้ของเนเธอร์แลนด์คืนได้จากกลุ่มกบฎโปรเตสแตนต์ ส่งผลให้เกิดการยึดครองท่าเรือโดยกลุ่มกองเรือส่วนบุคคลชื่อว่า "Dunkirkers" เพื่อใช้เป็นฐานสำหรับการโจมตีขบวนเรือขนส่งของชาวดัชต์และชาติพันธมิตร ซึ่งกลุ่มดังกล่าวได้พัฒนาเรือใบขนาดเล็กที่มีความคล่องตัว และเรียกมันว่าเรือฟริเกต ความสำเร็จในการปฏิบัติการของกลุ่มดังกล่าวส่งผลให้เกิดการแข่งขันในการพัฒนาแบบเรือดังกล่าว แต่เนื่องจากกองเรือประจำการของชาติต่าง ๆ ต้องการเรือที่มีคุณสมบัติทนทานกว่าเรือประเภทนี้ ทำให้ต่อมาเรือประเภทนี้และชื่อเรียกก็ถูกใช้งานน้อยลง และถูกใช้งานกับเรือประเภทที่มีความรวดเร็วคล่องตัว และเป็นเรือรบที่ใช้ใบที่มีความสง่างาม โดยในภาษาฝรั่งเศส คำว่า ฟริเกต ทำให้เกิดคำกริยาว่า frégater ซึ่งหมายความว่า สร้างให้ยาวและต่ำ และถูกใช้งานเป็นคำคุณศัพท์ ทำให้เกิดความสับสนในการใช้งานเพิ่มขึ้นอีก แม่แต้เรือ HMS Sovereign of the Seas ของอังกฤษ ก็ยังถูกจำกัดความว่าเป็น "delicate frigate" ในยุคสมัยหลังจากที่มีการใช้งานเรือดังกล่าวในปี พ.ศ. 2194[3]


The navy of the Dutch Republic became the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates. The Dutch navy had three principal tasks in the struggle against Spain: to protect Dutch merchant ships at sea, to blockade the ports of Spanish-held Flanders to damage trade and halt enemy privateering, and to fight the Spanish fleet and prevent troop landings. The first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to stand up to the Spanish fleet. The first of the larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland.[4] By the later stages of the Eighty Years' War the Dutch had switched entirely from the heavier ships still used by the English and Spanish to the lighter frigates, carrying around 40 guns and weighing around 300 tons.

The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most evident in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs.

The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as "frigates", the largest of which were two-decker "great frigates" of the third rate. Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as "great ships" of the time; however, most other frigates at the time were used as "cruisers": independent fast ships. The term "frigate" implied a long hull-design, which relates directly to speed (see hull speed) and which also, in turn, helped the development of the broadside tactic in naval warfare.

 
Boudeuse, of Louis Antoine de Bougainville

At this time, a further design evolved, reintroducing oars and resulting in galley frigates such as เอชเอ็มเอส Charles Galley of 1676, which was rated as a 32-gun fifth-rate but also had a bank of 40 oars set below the upper deck which could propel the ship in the absence of a favourable wind.

In Danish, the word "fregat" often applies to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such as เอชเอ็มเอส Falcon, which the British classified as a sloop.

Under the rating system of the Royal Navy, by the middle of the 18th century, the term "frigate" was technically restricted to single-decked ships of the fifth rate, though small 28-gun frigates classed as sixth rate.[2]

Classic design

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A Magicienne-class frigate
 
Gun deck of the Pallas-class frigate Méduse

The classic sailing frigate, or 'true frigate', well-known today for its role in the Napoleonic Wars, can be traced back to French developments in the second quarter of the 18th century. The French-built Médée of 1740 is often regarded as the first example of this type. These ships were square-rigged and carried all their main guns on a single continuous upper deck. The lower deck, known as the "gun deck", now carried no armament, and functioned as a "berth deck" where the crew lived, and was in fact placed below the waterline of the new frigates. The typical earlier cruiser had a partially armed lower deck, from which it was known as a 'half-battery' or demi-batterie ship. Removing the guns from this deck allowed the height of the hull upperworks to be lowered, giving the resulting 'true-frigate' much improved sailing qualities. The unarmed deck meant that the frigate's guns were carried comparatively high above the waterline; as a result, when seas were too rough for two-deckers to open their lower deck gunports, frigates were still able to fight with all their guns (see the action of 13 January 1797, for an example when this was decisive).[5][6]

The Royal Navy captured a number of the new French frigates, including Médée, during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and were impressed by them, particularly for their inshore handling capabilities. They soon built copies (ordered in 1747), based on a French privateer named Tygre, and started to adapt the type to their own needs, setting the standard for other frigates as the leading naval power. The first British frigates carried 28 guns including an upper deck battery of twenty-four 9-pounder guns (the remaining four smaller guns were carried on the quarterdeck) but soon developed into fifth-rate ships of 32 or 36 guns including an upper deck battery of twenty-six 12-pounder guns, with the remaining six or ten smaller guns carried on the quarterdeck and forecastle.[7] Technically, 'rated ships' with fewer than 28 guns could not be classed as frigates but as "post ships"; however, in common parlance most post ships were often described as "frigates", the same casual misuse of the term being extended to smaller two-decked ships that were too small to stand in the line of battle.

A total of fifty-nine French sailing frigates were built between 1777 and 1790, with a standard design averaging a hull length of 135 ft (41 m) and an average draught of 13 ft (4.0 m). The new frigates recorded sailing speeds of up to 14 นอต (26 กิโลเมตรต่อชั่วโมง; 16 ไมล์ต่อชั่วโมง), significantly faster than their predecessor vessels.[5]

Heavy frigate

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เอชเอ็มเอส Trincomalee (1817) a restored British 18-pounder, 38-gun heavy frigate

In 1778, the British Admiralty introduced a larger "heavy" frigate, with a main battery of twenty-six or twenty-eight 18-pounder guns (with smaller guns carried on the quarterdeck and forecastle). This move may reflect the naval conditions at the time, with both France and Spain as enemies the usual British preponderance in ship numbers was no longer the case and there was pressure on the British to produce cruisers of individually greater force. In reply, the first French 18-pounder frigates were laid down in 1781. The 18-pounder frigate eventually became the standard frigate of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The British produced larger, 38-gun, and slightly smaller, 36-gun, versions and also a 32-gun design that can be considered an 'economy version'. The 32-gun frigates also had the advantage that they could be built by the many smaller, less-specialised shipbuilders.[8][9]

Frigates could (and usually did) additionally carry smaller carriage-mounted guns on their quarterdecks and forecastles (the superstructures above the upper deck). In 1778 the Carron Iron Company of Scotland produced a naval gun which would revolutionise the armament of smaller naval vessels, including the frigate. The carronade was a large calibre, short-barrelled naval cannon which was light, quick to reload and needed a smaller crew than a conventional long gun. Due to its lightness it could be mounted on the forecastle and quarterdeck of frigates. It greatly increased the firepower, measured in weight of metal (the combined weight of all projectiles fired in one broadside), of these vessels. The disadvantages of the carronade were that it had a much shorter range and was less accurate than a long gun. The British quickly saw the advantages of the new weapon and soon employed it on a wide scale. The US Navy also copied the design soon after its appearance. The French and other nations eventually adopted variations of the weapon in succeeding decades. The typical heavy frigate had a main armament of 18-pounder long guns, plus 32-pounder carronades mounted on its upper decks.[10]

Super-heavy frigates

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ยูเอสเอส Constitution.

The first 'super-heavy frigates', armed with 24-pounder long guns, were built by the naval architect F H Chapman for the Swedish navy in 1782. Because of a shortage of ships-of-the-line, the Swedes wanted these frigates, the Bellona class, to be able to stand in the battle line in an emergency. In the 1790s the French built a small number of large 24-pounder frigates, such as Forte and Egyptienne, they also cut-down (reduced the height of the hull to give only one continuous gun deck) a number of older ships-of-the-line (including Diadème) to produce super-heavy frigates, the resulting ship was known as a rasée. It is not known whether the French were seeking to produce very potent cruisers or merely to address stability problems in old ships. The British, alarmed by the prospect of these powerful heavy frigates, responded by rasée-ing three of the smaller 64-gun battleships, including Indefatigable, which went on to have a very successful career as a frigate. At this time the British also built a few 24-pounder-armed large frigates, the most successful of which was เอชเอ็มเอส Endymion (1,277 tons).[11][12]

In 1797, three of the United States Navy's first six major ships were rated as 44-gun frigates, which operationally carried fifty-six to sixty 24-pounder long guns and 32-pounder or 42-pounder carronades on two decks; they were exceptionally powerful. These ships were so large, at around 1,500 tons, and well-armed that they were often regarded as equal to ships of the line, and after a series of losses at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Royal Navy fighting instructions ordered British frigates (usually of 38 guns or less) to never engage the large American frigates at any less than a 2:1 advantage. ยูเอสเอส Constitution, preserved as a museum ship by the US Navy, is the oldest commissioned warship afloat, and is a surviving example of a frigate from the Age of Sail. Constitution and her sister ships President and United States were created in a response to deal with the Barbary Coast pirates and in conjunction with the Naval Act of 1794. Joshua Humphreys proposed that only live oak, a tree that grew only in America, should be used to build these ships.[13]

The British, wounded by repeated defeats in single-ship actions, responded to the success of the American 44s in three ways. They built a class of conventional 40-gun, 24-pounder armed frigates on the lines of Endymion. They cut down three old 74-gun Ships-of-the-Line into rasées, producing frigates with a 32-pounder main armament, supplemented by 42-pounder carronades. These had an armament that far exceeded the power of the American ships. Finally, Leander and Newcastle, 1,500-ton spar-decked frigates (with an enclosed waist, giving a continuous line of guns from bow to stern at the level of the quarterdeck/forecastle), were built, which were an almost exact match in size and firepower to the American 44-gun frigates.[14]

Role

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เอชเอ็มเอส Warrior, the first iron-hulled armoured steam frigate – the hull survived as an oil terminal dock and was restored to its original appearance in the late 20th century

Frigates were perhaps the hardest-worked of warship types during the Age of Sail. While smaller than a ship-of-the-line, they were formidable opponents for the large numbers of sloops and gunboats, not to mention privateers or merchantmen. Able to carry six months' stores, they had very long range; and vessels larger than frigates were considered too valuable to operate independently.

Frigates scouted for the fleet, went on commerce-raiding missions and patrols, and conveyed messages and dignitaries. Usually, frigates would fight in small numbers or singly against other frigates. They would avoid contact with ships-of-the-line; even in the midst of a fleet engagement it was bad etiquette for a ship of the line to fire on an enemy frigate which had not fired first.[15] Frigates were involved in fleet battles, often as "repeating frigates". In the smoke and confusion of battle, signals made by the fleet commander, whose flagship might be in the thick of the fighting, might be missed by the other ships of the fleet.[16] Frigates were therefore stationed to windward or leeward of the main line of battle, and had to maintain a clear line of sight to the commander's flagship. Signals from the flagship were then repeated by the frigates, which themselves standing out of the line and clear from the smoke and disorder of battle, could be more easily seen by the other ships of the fleet.[16] If damage or loss of masts prevented the flagship from making clear conventional signals, the repeating frigates could interpret them and hoist their own in the correct manner, passing on the commander's instructions clearly.[16]

For officers in the Royal Navy, a frigate was a desirable posting. Frigates often saw action, which meant a greater chance of glory, promotion, and prize money.

Unlike larger ships that were placed in ordinary, frigates were kept in service in peacetime as a cost-saving measure and to provide experience to frigate captains and officers which would be useful in wartime. Frigates could also carry marines for boarding enemy ships or for operations on shore; in 1832, the frigate ยูเอสเอส Potomac landed a party of 282 sailors and Marines ashore in the US Navy's first Sumatran expedition.

Frigates remained a crucial element of navies until the mid-19th century. The first ironclads were classified as "frigates" because of the number of guns they carried. However, terminology changed as iron and steam became the norm, and the role of the frigate was assumed first by the protected cruiser and then by the light cruiser.

Frigates are often the vessel of choice in historical naval novels due to their relative freedom compared to ships-of-the-line (kept for fleet actions) and smaller vessels (generally assigned to a home port and less widely ranging). For example, the Patrick O'Brian Aubrey–Maturin series, C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower series and Alexander Kent's Richard Bolitho series. The motion picture Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World features a reconstructed historic frigate, HMS Rose, to depict Aubrey's frigate HMS Surprise.

ยุคเครื่องจักรไอน้ำ

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บทความหลัก: Steam frigate
 
French paddle frigate Descartes

Vessels classed as frigates continued to play a great role in navies with the adoption of steam power in the 19th century. In the 1830s, navies experimented with large paddle steamers equipped with large guns mounted on one deck, which were termed "paddle frigates".

From the mid-1840s on, frigates which more closely resembled the traditional sailing frigate were built with steam engines and screw propellers. These "screw frigates", built first of wood and later of iron, continued to perform the traditional role of the frigate until late in the 19th century.

Armoured frigate

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From 1859, armour was added to ships based on existing frigate and ship of the line designs. The additional weight of the armour on these first ironclad warships meant that they could have only one gun deck, and they were technically frigates, even though they were more powerful than existing ships-of-the-line and occupied the same strategic role. The phrase "armoured frigate" remained in use for some time to denote a sail-equipped, broadside-firing type of ironclad.

During the 1880s, as warship design shifted from iron to steel and cruising warships without sails started to appear, the term "frigate" fell out of use. Vessels with armoured sides were designated as "battleships" or "armoured cruisers", while "protected cruisers" only possessed an armoured deck, and unarmoured vessels, including frigates and sloops, were classified as "unprotected cruisers".

สมัยใหม่

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สงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2

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ดูเพิ่ม: List of frigates of World War II
 
A ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่
 
The U.S. Navy Tacoma-class patrol frigate ยูเอสเอส Gallup at San Pedro, California, on 30 May 1944

Modern frigates are related to earlier frigates only by name. The term "frigate" was readopted during the Second World War by the British Royal Navy to describe an anti-submarine escort vessel that was larger than a corvette, while smaller than a destroyer. Equal in size and capability to the American destroyer escort, frigates are usually less expensive to build and maintain.[17] Anti-submarine escorts had previously been classified as sloops by the Royal Navy, and the Black Swan-class sloops of 1939–1945 were as large as the new types of frigate, and more heavily armed. 22 of these were reclassified as frigates after the war, as were the remaining 24 smaller ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่s.

The frigate was introduced to remedy some of the shortcomings inherent in the ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ corvette design: limited armament, a hull form not suited to open-ocean work, a single shaft which limited speed and maneuverability, and a lack of range. The frigate was designed and built to the same mercantile construction standards (scantlings) as the corvette, allowing manufacture by yards unused to warship construction. The first frigates of the ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ (1941) were essentially two sets of corvette machinery in one larger hull, armed with the latest Hedgehog anti-submarine weapon.

The frigate possessed less offensive firepower and speed than a destroyer, but such qualities were not required for anti-submarine warfare. Submarines were slow while submerged, and ASDIC sets did not operate effectively at speeds of over 20 นอต (23 ไมล์ต่อชั่วโมง; 37 กิโลเมตรต่อชั่วโมง). Rather, the frigate was an austere and weatherly vessel suitable for mass-construction and fitted with the latest innovations in anti-submarine warfare. As the frigate was intended purely for convoy duties, and not to deploy with the fleet, it had limited range and speed.

It was not until the Royal Navy's ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ of 1944 that a British design classified as a "frigate" was produced for fleet use, although it still suffered from limited speed. These anti-aircraft frigates, built on incomplete ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ hulls, were similar to the United States Navy's destroyer escorts (DE), although the latter had greater speed and offensive armament to better suit them to fleet deployments. The destroyer escort concept came from design studies by the General Board of the United States Navy in 1940, as modified by requirements established by a British commission in 1941[18] prior to the American entry into the war, for deep-water escorts. The American-built destroyer escorts serving in the British Royal Navy were rated as Captain-class frigates. The U.S. Navy's two Canadian-built Asheville-class and 96 British-influenced, American-built Tacoma-class frigates that followed originally were classified as "patrol gunboats" (PG) in the U.S. Navy but on 15 April 1943 were all reclassified as patrol frigates (PF).

เรือฟริเกตสมัยใหม่

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Guided-missile role

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Royal Canadian Navy Halifax-class frigate เอชเอ็มซีเอส Regina escorting the American aircraft carrier ยูเอสเอส Kitty Hawk across the Pacific Ocean in 2008
 
The Ecuadorian Navy Leander-class frigate BAE Morán Valverde, formerly the Chilean Navy's Almirante Lynch
 
ยูเอสเอส Leahy departing San Diego, California, in May 1978. She was classified as a guided-missile frigate (DLG-16) until 1975, when she was reclassified as a guided-missile cruiser (CG-16).

The introduction of the surface-to-air missile after World War II made relatively small ships effective for anti-aircraft warfare: the "guided-missile frigate". In the USN, these vessels were called "ocean escorts" and designated "DE" or "DEG" until 1975 – a holdover from the World War II destroyer escort or "DE". The Royal Canadian Navy and British Royal Navy maintained the use of the term "frigate"; likewise, the French Navy refers to missile-equipped ship, up to cruiser-sized ships ( Suffren, Tourville, and ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่es), by the name of "frégate", while smaller units are named aviso. The Soviet Navy used the term "guard-ship" (сторожевой корабль).

From the 1950s to the 1970s, the United States Navy commissioned ships classed as guided-missile frigates (hull classification symbol DLG or DLGN, literally meaning guided-missile destroyer leaders), which were actually anti-aircraft warfare cruisers built on destroyer-style hulls. These had one or two twin launchers per ship for the RIM-2 Terrier missile, upgraded to the RIM-67 Standard ER missile in the 1980s. This type of ship was intended primarily to defend aircraft carriers against anti-ship cruise missiles, augmenting and eventually replacing converted World War II cruisers (CAG/CLG/CG) in this role. The guided-missile frigates also had an anti-submarine capability that most of the World War II cruiser conversions lacked. Some of these ships – Bainbridge and Truxtun along with the California and Virginia classes – were nuclear-powered (DLGN).[19] These "frigates" were roughly mid-way in size between cruisers and destroyers. This was similar to the use of the term "frigate" during the age of sail during which it referred to a medium-sized warship, but it was inconsistent with conventions used by other contemporary navies which regarded frigates as being smaller than destroyers. During the 1975 ship reclassification, the large American frigates were redesignated as guided-missile cruisers or destroyers (CG/CGN/DDG), while ocean escorts (the American classification for ships smaller than destroyers, with hull symbol DE/DEG (destroyer escort)) such as the Knox-class were reclassified as frigates (FF/FFG), sometimes called "fast frigates". In the late 1970s, as a gradual successor to the Knox frigates, the US Navy introduced the 51-ship Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigates (FFG), the last of which was decommissioned in 2015, although some serve in other navies.[20] By 1995 the older guided-missile cruisers and destroyers were replaced by the Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers.[21]

One of the most successful post-1945 designs was the British Leander-class frigate, which was used by several navies. Laid down in 1959, the Leander class was based on the previous Type 12 anti-submarine frigate but equipped for anti-aircraft use as well. They were used by the UK into the 1990s, at which point some were sold onto other navies. The Leander design, or improved versions of it, were licence-built for other navies as well.

Nearly all modern frigates are equipped with some form of offensive or defensive missiles, and as such are rated as guided-missile frigates (FFG). Improvements in surface-to-air missiles (e.g., the Eurosam Aster 15) allow modern guided-missile frigates to form the core of many modern navies and to be used as a fleet defence platform, without the need for specialised anti-air warfare frigates.

Modern destroyers and frigates have sufficient endurance and seaworthiness for long voyages and so are considered blue water vessels, while corvettes (even the largest ones capable of carrying an anti-submarine warfare helicopter) are typically deployed in coastal or littoral zones so are regarded as brown-water or green-water vessels.[22] According to Dr. Sidharth Kaushal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, describing the difference between 21st century destroyers and frigates, the larger "destroyers can more easily carry and generate the power for more powerful high-resolution radar and a larger number of vertical launch cells. They can thus provide theatre wide air and missile defence for forces such as a carrier battle group and typically serve this function". By contrast the smaller "frigates are thus usually used as escort vessels to protect sea lines of communication or as an auxiliary component of a strike group". The largest and powerful destroyers are often classified as cruisers, such as the Ticonderoga-class cruisers, due to their extra armament and facilities to serve as fleet flagships.[23]

Other uses

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The Royal Navy Type 61 (Salisbury class) were "air direction" frigates equipped to track aircraft. To this end they had reduced armament compared to the Type 41 (Leopard-class) air-defence frigates built on the same hull.

Multi-role frigates like the MEKO 200, Anzac and Halifax classes are designed for navies needing warships deployed in a variety of situations that a general frigate class would not be able to fulfill and not requiring the need for deploying destroyers.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

บทบาทต่อต้านเรือดำน้ำ

แก้
ดูเพิ่ม: anti-submarine warfare
 
เอชเอ็มเอส Somerset of the Royal Navy. Type 23 frigates were built for anti-submarine warfare but are capable multi-purpose ships.[24]

At the opposite end of the spectrum, some frigates are specialised for anti-submarine warfare. Increasing submarine speeds towards the end of World War II (see German Type XXI submarine) greatly reduced the margin of speed superiority of frigate over submarine. The frigate could no longer be slow and powered by mercantile machinery and consequently postwar frigates, such as the Whitby class, were faster.

Such ships carry improved sonar equipment, such as the variable depth sonar or towed array, and specialised weapons such as torpedoes, forward-throwing weapons such as Limbo and missile-carried anti-submarine torpedoes such as ASROC or Ikara. The Royal Navy's original Type 22 frigate is an example of a specialised anti-submarine warfare frigate, though it also has Sea Wolf surface-to-air missiles for point defense plus Exocet surface-to-surface missiles for limited offensive capability.

Especially for anti-submarine warfare, most modern frigates have a landing deck and hangar aft to operate helicopters, eliminating the need for the frigate to close with unknown sub-surface threats, and using fast helicopters to attack nuclear submarines which may be faster than surface warships. For this task the helicopter is equipped with sensors such as sonobuoys, wire-mounted dipping sonar and magnetic anomaly detectors to identify possible threats, and torpedoes or depth-charges to attack them.

With their onboard radar helicopters can also be used to reconnoitre over-the-horizon targets and, if equipped with anti-ship missiles such as Penguin or Sea Skua, to attack them. The helicopter is also invaluable for search and rescue operation and has largely replaced the use of small boats or the jackstay rig for such duties as transferring personnel, mail and cargo between ships or to shore. With helicopters these tasks can be accomplished faster and less dangerously, and without the need for the frigate to slow down or change course.

บทบาทการป้องกันภัยทางอากาศ

แก้
 
แม่แบบ:HNLMS

Frigates designed in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the US Navy's Knox-class frigate, West Germany's Bremen-class frigate, and Royal Navy's Type 22 frigate were equipped with a small number of short-ranged surface-to-air missiles (Sea Sparrow or Sea Wolf) for point defense only.

By contrast newer frigates starting with the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate are specialised for "zone-defense" air defence, because of the major developments in fighter jets and ballistic missiles. Recent examples include the De Zeven Provinciën-class air defence and command frigate of the Royal Netherlands Navy. These ships are armed with VL Standard Missile 2 Block IIIA, one or two Goalkeeper CIWS systems, (แม่แบบ:HNLMS has two Goalkeepers, the rest of the ships have the capacity for another one.) VL Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles, a special SMART-L radar and a Thales Active Phased Array Radar (APAR), all of which are for air defence. Another example is the Iver Huitfeldt class of the Royal Danish Navy.[25]

การพัฒนาขั้นต่อไป

แก้
 
The stealthy Shivalik-class frigate of the Indian Navy
 
The stealthy La Fayette class of the French Navy that introduced the Stealth Technology in the early 1990s

Stealth technology has been introduced in modern frigate design by the French La Fayette class design.[26] Frigate shapes are designed to offer a minimal radar cross section, which also lends them good air penetration; the maneuverability of these frigates has been compared to that of sailing ships. Examples are the Italian and French ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ with the Aster 15 and Aster 30 missile for anti-missile capabilities, the German ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ and Sachsen-class frigates, the Turkish ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ type frigates with the MK-41 VLS, the Indian Shivalik, Talwar and Nilgiri classes with the Brahmos missile system and the Malaysian Maharaja Lela class with the Naval Strike Missile.

The modern French Navy applies the term first-class frigate and second-class frigate to both destroyers and frigates in service. Pennant numbers remain divided between F-series numbers for those ships internationally recognised as frigates and D-series pennant numbers for those more traditionally recognised as destroyers. This can result in some confusion as certain classes are referred to as frigates in French service while similar ships in other navies are referred to as destroyers. This also results in some recent classes of French ships such as the ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ being among the largest in the world to carry the rating of frigate.

The Frégates de Taille Intermédiaire (FTI), which means frigates of intermediate size, is a French military program to design and create a planned class of frigates to be used by the French Navy. At the moment, the program consists of five ships, with commissioning planned from 2023 onwards.[27]

 
Baden-Württemberg, an ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่ of the German Navy; currently the biggest frigates worldwide.

In the German Navy, frigates were used to replace aging destroyers; however in size and role the new German frigates exceed the former class of destroyers. The future German ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่s are the largest class of frigates worldwide with a displacement of more than 7,200 tons. The same was done in the Spanish Navy, which went ahead with the deployment of the first Aegis frigates, the Álvaro de Bazán-class frigates.

The Myanmar Navy is producing modern frigates with a reduced radar cross section known as the ข้อผิดพลาดสคริปต์: ฟังก์ชัน "sclass" ไม่มีอยู่. Before the Kyan Sittha class, the Myanmar Navy also produced an Aung Zeya-class frigate. Although the size of the Myanmar Navy is quite small, it is producing modern guided-missile frigates with the help of Russia, China, and India. However, the fleets of the Myanmar Navy are still expanding with several on-going shipbuilding programmes, including one 135 m (442 ft 11 in), 4,000-tonne frigate with the vertical missile launch systems.[28] The four planned Tamandaré-class frigates of the Brazilian Navy will be responsible for introduce ships with stealth technology in the national navy and the Latin American region, with the first boat launched in 2024.[29][30]

Littoral combat ship (LCS)

แก้
 
ยูเอสเอส Independence, an Independence-class littoral combat ship of the United States Navy

Some new classes of ships similar to corvettes are optimized for high-speed deployment and combat with small craft rather than combat between equal opponents; an example is the U.S. littoral combat ship (LCS). As of 2015, all Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates in the United States Navy have been decommissioned, and their role partially being assumed by the new LCS. While the LCS class ships are smaller than the frigate class they will replace, they offer a similar degree of weaponry while requiring less than half the crew complement and offering a top speed of over 40 นอต (74 กิโลเมตรต่อชั่วโมง; 46 ไมล์ต่อชั่วโมง). A major advantage for the LCS ships is that they are designed around specific mission modules allowing them to fulfill a variety of roles. The modular system also allows for most upgrades to be performed ashore and installed later into the ship, keeping the ships available for deployment for the maximum time.

The latest U.S. deactivation plans mean that this is the first time that the U.S. Navy has been without a frigate class of ships since 1943 (technically ยูเอสเอส Constitution is rated as a frigate and is still in commission, but does not count towards Navy force levels).[31]

The remaining 20 LCSs to be acquired from 2019 and onwards that will be enhanced will be designated as frigates, and existing ships given modifications may also have their classification changed to FF as well.[32]

เรือฟริเกต in preservation

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A few frigates have survived as museum ships. They are:

Original sailing frigates

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Replica sailing frigates

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Steam frigates

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Modern era frigates

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Former museums

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  • Dominican frigate Mella was on display in the Dominican Republic from 1998 to 2003, when she was scrapped due to her deteriorating condition.
  • KD Rahmat was on display in Lumut, Malaysia from 2011 to 2017. She sank at her moorings due to poor condition, and was later scrapped.
  • RFS Druzhnyy was on display in Moscow, Russia from 2002 to 2016, until the museum plans fell through and was sold for scrap.
  • เอชเอ็มเอส Plymouth (F126) was on display in Birkenhead, England from 1990 to 2006, when the museum that operated her was forced to close. She was later scrapped in 2012.
  • CNS Nanchong (FF-502) was on display in Qingdao, China from 1988 to 2012, when her faulty material made preservation difficult and was later scrapped.

ผู้ใช้งาน

แก้

Disputed classes

แก้

These ships are classified by their respective nations as frigates, but are considered destroyers internationally due to size, armament, and role.

Former operators

แก้

ผู้ใช้งานในอนาคต

แก้

ดูเพิ่ม

แก้

บรรณานุกรม

แก้

อ้างอิง

แก้
  1. ↑ Husseini, Talal (2019-04-24). "Frigate vs destroyer: What is the difference between the two warships?". www.naval-technology.com. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 19 April 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-03-30.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Henderson, James: Frigates Sloops & Brigs. Pen & Sword Books, London, 2005. ISBN 1-84415-301-0.
  3. ↑ Rodger (2004), p. 216.
  4. ↑ Geofrrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500–1800, p. 99
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Breen, Colin; Forsythe, Wes (2007). "The French Shipwreck La Surveillante, Lost in Bantry Bay, Ireland, in 1797". Historical Archaeology. 41 (3): 41–42. doi:10.1007/BF03377053. JSTOR 25617454. S2CID 162814509.
  6. ↑ Gardiner & Lavery (1992), pp. 36–37.
  7. ↑ Gardiner & Lavery (1992), p. 37.
  8. ↑ Gardiner & Lavery (1992), p. 39.
  9. ↑ Gardiner (2000), p. 19.
  10. ↑ Gardiner & Lavery (1992), p. 153.
  11. ↑ Gardiner (2000), pp. 40–42.
  12. ↑ Gardiner & Lavery (1992), p. 40.
  13. ↑ Archibald, Roger. 1997. Six ships that shook the world. American Heritage of Invention & Technology 13, (2): 24.
  14. ↑ Gardiner (2000), pp. 48–56.
  15. ↑ Lavery (1989), pp. 49, 298–300.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17. p. 469.
  17. ↑ ARG. "Top 10 Frigates | Military-Today.com". www.military-today.com. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 29 June 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-07-13.
  18. ↑ Gardiner (1980), p. 149.
  19. ↑ Bauer & Roberts (1991), pp. 215–217.
  20. ↑ Bauer & Roberts (1991), pp. 251–252.
  21. ↑ Gardiner & Chumbley (1995), pp. 580–585.
  22. ↑ "Question: What is the difference between Frigate and Destroyer? - Naval Post- Naval News and Information". Naval Post. 7 March 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-08-03.
  23. ↑ "Frigate vs destroyer: What is the difference between the two warships?". Naval-technology.com. 24 April 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-08-03.
  24. ↑ "Type 23 Frigates". Royal Navy website. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 31 May 2010.
  25. ↑ "De Zeven Provinciën classe (LCF)". Jaime Karreman. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 24 September 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 September 2018.
  26. ↑ "Navy Frigate Warships". เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 July 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-07-13.
  27. ↑ "Update to French Military Planning Law Means New Capabilities for Lafayette Class Frigates". navyrecognition.com. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 13 February 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 December 2020.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mohammad Abdur Razzak (5 กุมภาพันธ์ 2021). "Myanmar navy's quick march". เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 5 กุมภาพันธ์ 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 มกราคม 2021.
  29. ↑ "Brasil inicia construcción de fragatas clase Tamandaré". Pucará Defensa (ภาษาสเปน). 9 September 2022.
  30. ↑ "Batimento de quilha da Fragata 'Tamandaré' será em março de 2023". Defesa Aérea e Naval (ภาษาโปรตุเกส). 11 September 2022.
  31. ↑ Larter, David (2 July 2014). "Decommissioning plan pulls all frigates from fleet by end of FY '15". Militarytimes.com. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 3 July 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 July 2015.
  32. ↑ SNA: Modified Littoral Combat Ships to be Designated Frigates เก็บถาวร 6 สิงหาคม 2017 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน – News.USNI.org, 15 January 2015
  33. ↑ ยูเอสเอส Constitution launched in 1797.เอชเอ็มเอส Victory is the oldest commissioned (put on active duty) vessel since 1778 by 21 years, but she has been in dry dock since 1922.
  34. ↑ "HMS Ambuscade is Coming Home". เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 11 January 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 January 2022.
  35. ↑ Hsu, Tso-Juei (12 December 2020). "Taiwan's CSBS Unveils New Frigate Design For ROC Navy". Naval News. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 16 May 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 June 2021.
  36. ↑ "Greece Signs MOU with Naval Group and MBDA for FDI Frigates". 28 September 2021. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 28 September 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 September 2021.
  37. ↑ "Indo Defence 2022: Indonesia prepares to cut steel on first 'Red White' frigate". janes.com. 7 November 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 December 2022.
  38. ↑ "Pemotongan baja pertama Kapal Fregat Merah Putih telah dilakukan oleh PT PAL". airspace-review.com (ภาษาอินโดนีเซีย). 10 December 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 December 2022.
  39. ↑ "WILL PROVIDE 8 VESSELS TO INDONESIA". Fincantieri. 2021-06-10. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 10 February 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-02-14.
  40. ↑ "Polish Navy chooses Arrowhead 140 design for new frigates". 4 March 2022.
  41. ↑ "Russia to Start Construction of New Project 22350M Frigate in 2024". 24 September 2021. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 24 September 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 September 2021.

แหล่งที่มา

แก้
  • Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9.
  • Bennett, G. (2001)The Battle of Trafalgar, Barnsley (2004). ISBN 1-84415-107-7.
  • Constam, Angus & Bryan, Tony, British Napoleonic Ship-Of-The-Line, Osprey Publishing, 184176308X
  • Gardiner, Robert (2000). Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Chatham Publishing.
  • Gardiner, Robert, บ.ก. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen, บ.ก. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-132-5.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, บ.ก. (2001). Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship, 1815–1905. Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Lavery, Brian, บ.ก. (1992). The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650–1840. London: Conway Maritime Press.
  • Gresham, John D. (February 2002). "The swift and sure steeds of the fighting sail fleet were its dashing frigates". Military Heritage. Vol. 3 no. 4. pp. 12–17, 87.
  • Lambert, Andrew (1984) Battleships in Transition, the Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860, published Conway Maritime Press, ISBN 0-85177-315-X.
  • Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793–1815. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-611-7.
  • Lavery, Brian. (1983) The Ship of the Line, Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet, 1650–1850. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-631-7.
  • Lavery, Brian. (1984) The Ship of the Line, Volume 2: Design, Construction and Fittings. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-953-7.
  • Lavery, B. (2004) Ship, Dorling Kindersly, Ltd . ISBN 1-4053-1154-1.
  • Mahan, A.T. (2007) The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783, Cosimo, Inc.
  • Marriott, Leo. Royal Navy Frigates 1945–1983, Ian Allan, 1983, ISBN 0-7110-1322-5.
  • Macfarquhar, Colin & Gleig, George (eds.), ((1797)) Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, London, Volume 17, Third Edition.
  • Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815. London. ISBN 0-7139-9411-8.
  • Sondhaus, L. Naval Warfare, 1815–1914.
  • Winfield, Rif. (1997) The 50-Gun Ship. London: Caxton Editions, ISBN 1-84067-365-6, ISBN 1-86176-025-6.

ลิงก์ภายนอก

แก้
 
วิกิพจนานุกรม มีความหมายของคำว่า ทดลองเขียน
 
วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์มีสื่อที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ Frigates

แม่แบบ:Rating system of the Royal Navy แม่แบบ:Sailing Vessels and Rigs แม่แบบ:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries

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