ชาวตุรกี
ชาวตุรกี หรือเรียกสั้น ๆ ว่า เติร์ก (ตุรกี: Türkler) เป็นกลุ่มชนเตอร์กิกที่มีจำนวนมากที่สุด พวกเขาพูดภาษาตุรกีในหลายสำเนียง และเป็นประชากรที่อาศัยในประเทศตุรกีกับนอร์เทิร์นไซปรัส นอกจากนี้ ยังมีชุมชนเชื้อสายเติร์กที่อาศัยอยู่ทั่วบริเวณที่เคยเป็นของจักรวรรดิออตโตมันด้วย
Türkler | |
---|---|
แผนที่ชาวตุรกีทั่วโลก | |
ประชากรทั้งหมด | |
ป. 80 ล้านคน | |
ภูมิภาคที่มีประชากรอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ | |
ตุรกี 60,000,000–65,000,000[1][2] นอร์เทิร์นไซปรัส 315,000[3] | |
ชาวตุรกีพลัดถิ่นสมัยใหม่: | |
เยอรมนี | 3,000,000 ถึงมากกว่า 7,000,000[4][5][6][7] |
เนเธอร์แลนด์ | 500,000 ถึงมากกว่า 2,000,000[8][9][10][11] |
ฝรั่งเศส | มากกว่า 1,000,000[12][13][14] |
สหรัฐอเมริกา | มากกว่า 1,000,000[15][16] |
สหราชอาณาจักร | 500,000[17][18] |
ออสเตรีย | 360,000–500,000[19][20] |
เบลเยียม | 250,000–500,000[21][22] |
ออสเตรเลีย | 320,000[23][24] |
คาซัคสถาน | 250,000[25] |
สวีเดน | 185,000[26][27][28] |
รัสเซีย | 109,883–150,000[29][30] |
อาเซอร์ไบจาน | 130,000[25] |
สวิตเซอร์แลนด์ | 120,000[31] |
แคนาดา | มากกว่า 100,000[32] |
เดนมาร์ก | 70,000–75,000[33][34] |
คีร์กีซสถาน | 55,000[25] |
อิตาลี | 50,000[35] |
อุซเบกิสถาน | 25,000[25] |
นอร์เวย์ | 16,500[36] |
ยูเครน | 8,844–15,000[37][25] |
เติร์กเมนิสถาน | 13,000[38] |
ฟินแลนด์ | 10,000[39] |
โปแลนด์ | 5,000[40] |
นิวซีแลนด์ | 3,600–4,600[41][24] |
ไอร์แลนด์ | 2,000–3,000[42] |
บราซิล | 2,000-3,000[43] |
ลีชเทินชไตน์ | 1,000[44] |
ชนกลุ่มน้อยตุรกีในตะวันออกกลาง: | |
อิรัก | 3,000,000–5,000,000[45][46][47] |
ซีเรีย | 1,000,000–1,700,000[48][49] |
ลิเบีย | 1,000,000–1,400,000[50][51] |
อียิปต์ | 100,000–1,500,000[52] |
เลบานอน | 280,000[53][54] |
ซาอุดีอาระเบีย | 270,000–350,000[55][56] |
เยเมน | 10,000-100,000[57] |
จอร์แดน | 50,000[58] |
ชนกลุ่มน้อยตุรกีในคาบสมุทรบอลข่าน: | |
บัลแกเรีย | 588,318–800,000[59][60][61] |
มาซิโดเนียเหนือ | 77,959–200,000[62][63] |
ภาษา | |
ตุรกี | |
ศาสนา | |
ส่วนใหญ่นับถือศาสนาอิสลาม (ทั้งปฏิบัติและไม่ปฏิบัติ), ส่วนใหญ่นับถือนิกายซุนนี รองลงมาคือแอเลวี ส่วนน้อยนับถือศาสนาคริสต์และยูดาห์ จำนวนมากไม่นับถือศาสนา | |
กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง | |
ชาวอาเซอร์ไบจาน,[64] ชาวเติร์กเมน[64] |
ชาวเติร์กอพยพจากเอเชียกลางมาตั้งถิ่นฐานที่อานาโตเลียในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 11 ผ่านการพิชิตของจักรวรรดิเซลจุค นั่นถือเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของการเปลี่ยนแปลงในภูมิภาคนี้ จากภูมิภาคที่ส่วนใหญ่พูดภาษากรีกหลังถูกแผลงเป็นกรีก ให้กลายเป็นมุสลิมเติร์ก[80][81][82] จักรวรรดิออตโตมันครอบครองพื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ของคาบสมุทรบอลข่าน, คอเคซัสใต้, ตะวันออกกลาง (ไม่รวมอิหร่าน ถึงแม้ว่าจะควบคุมบางส่วนก็ตาม) และแอฟริกาเหนือมาหลายศตวรรษจนกระทั่งสิ้นสุดสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง หลังสงครามประกาศอิสรภาพตุรกี ทำให้จักรวรรดิออตโตมันสิ้นสุดลงในวันที่ 1 พฤศจิกายน ค.ศ. 1922 และประกาศเป็นสาธารณรัฐตุรกีในวันที่ 29 ตุลาคม ค.ศ. 1923
รัฐธรรมนูญตุรกีมาตราที่ 66 ระบุ "ชาวเติร์ก" เป็น: "ใครก็ตามที่มีพันธะกับรัฐตุรกีผ่านการผูกสัญชาติ" คำอธิบายทางกฎหมายของ "ชาวเติร์ก" ในฐานะพลเมืองตุรกีมีความแตกต่างจากคำอธิบายทางชาติพันธุ์[83][84] โดยประชากรชาวตุรกีส่วนใหญ่ (ประมาณร้อยละ 70-75) มีเชื้อสายเติร์ก[85] และประชากรชาวเติร์กจำนวนมากเป็นมุสลิม[86]
อ้างอิง
แก้- ↑ Garibova, Jala (2011), "A Pan-Turkic Dream: Language Unification of Turks", ใน Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (บ.ก.), Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts, Oxford University Press, p. 268, ISBN 9780199837991,
Approximately 200 million people,... speak nearly 40 Turkic languages and dialects. Turkey is the largest Turkic state, with about 60 million ethnic Turks living in its territories.
- ↑ Hobbs, Joseph J. (2017), Fundamentals of World Regional Geography, Cengage, p. 223, ISBN 9781305854956,
The greatest are the 65 million Turks of Turkey, who speak Turkish, a Turkic language...
- ↑ "KKTC 2011 NÜFUS VE KONUT SAYIMI" (PDF). เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 27 September 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Orvis, Stephen; Drogus, Carol Ann (2018). Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in Context (ภาษาอังกฤษ). CQ Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-5443-7444-4.
Today, nearly three million ethnic Turks live in Germany, and many have raised children there.
- ↑ Engstrom, Aineias, "Turkish-German "dream team" behind first COVID-19 vaccine", Portland State Vanguard, Portland State University, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 27 March 2021, สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 March 2021,
The German census does not gather data on ethnicity, however according to estimates, somewhere between 4–7 million people with Turkish roots, or 5–9% of the population, live in Germany.
- ↑ Zestos, George K.; Cooke, Rachel N. (2020), Challenges for the EU as Germany Approaches Recession (PDF), Levy Economics Institute, p. 22,
Presently (2020) more than seven million Turks live in Germany.
- ↑ Szyszkowitz, Tessa (2005), "Germany", ใน Von Hippel, Karin (บ.ก.), Europe Confronts Terrorism, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 53, ISBN 978-0230524590,
It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany.
- ↑ Aalberse, Suzanne; Backus, Ad; Muysken, Pieter (2019), Heritage Languages: A language Contact Approach, John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 90, ISBN 978-9027261762,
the Dutch Turkish community... out of a population that over the years must have numbered half a million.
- ↑ Tocci, Nathalie (2004), EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?, Ashgate Publishing, p. 130, ISBN 9780754643104,
The Dutch government was concerned about Turkey's reaction to the European Council's conclusions on Cyprus, keeping in mind the presence of two million Turks in Holland and the strong business links with Turkey.
- ↑ van Veen, Rita (2007), 'De koningin heeft oog voor andere culturen', Trouw, เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-04-12, สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 December 2020,
Erol kan niet voor alle twee miljoen Turken in Nederland spreken, maar hij denkt dat Beatrix wel goed ligt bij veel van zijn landgenoten.
- ↑ Baker, Rauf (2021), The Netherlands: The EU's "New Britain"?, Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University,
The Netherlands, which has a total population of 17 million, contains around two million Turks,...
- ↑ Hentz, Jean-Gustave; Hasselmann, Michel (2010). Transculturalité, religion, traditions autour de la mort en réanimation. Springer-Verlag France. doi:10.1007/978-2-287-99072-4_33. ISBN 978-2-287-99072-4.
La France d’aujourd’hui est une société multiculturelle et multiethnique riche de 4,9 millions de migrants représentant environ 8 % de la population du pays. L’immigration massive de populations du sud de l’Europe de culture catholique après la deuxième guerre mondiale a été suivie par l’arrivée de trois millions d’Africains du Nord, d’un million de Turcs et de contingents importants d’Afrique Noire et d’Asie qui ont implanté en France un islam majoritairement sunnite (Maghrébins et Africains de l’Ouest) mais aussi chiite (Pakistanais et Africains de l’Est).
- ↑ Gallard, Joseph; Nguyen, Julien (2020), "Il est temps que la France appelle à de véritables sanctions contre le jeu d'Erdogan", Marianne, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 February 2020, สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 November 2020,
... et ce grâce à la nombreuse diaspora turque, en particulier en France et en Allemagne. Ils seraient environ un million dans l'Hexagone, si ce n’est plus...es raisons derrière ne sont pas difficiles à deviner : l’immense population turque en Allemagne, estimée par Merkel elle-même aux alentours de sept millions et qui ne manquerait pas de se faire entendre si l’Allemagne prenait des mesures allant à l’encontre de la Turquie.
- ↑ Contrat d'objectifs et de moyens (COM) 2020-2022 de France Médias Monde: Mme Joëlle Garriaud-Maylam, co-rapporteur, Sénat, 2021, สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 May 2021,
Enfin, comme vous l'avez dit au sujet de la Turquie, il est essentiel que la France investisse davantage dans les langues qui sont parlées sur le territoire national. On recense plus d'un million de Turcs en France. Ils ne partagent pas toujours nos objectifs et nos valeurs, parce qu'ils subissent l'influence d'une presse qui ne nous est pas toujours très favorable. Il est donc très utile de les prendre en compte dans le développement de nos médias.
- ↑ "Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012", Foreign Policy Bulletin, Cambridge University Press, 22 (3): 137, 2012,
Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.
- ↑ Remarks at Center for American Progress & Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey (TUSKON) Luncheon, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012, สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 November 2020
- ↑ "UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs". The Guardian. 1 August 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 August 2011.
- ↑ Federation of Turkish Associations UK (19 June 2008). "Short history of the Federation of Turkish Associations in UK". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 10 January 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 April 2011.
- ↑ Warum die Türken? (PDF), vol. 78, Initiative Minderheiten, 2011, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2021-01-18, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-02-09,
Was sind die Gründe für dieses massive Unbehagen angesichts von rund 360.000 Menschen türkischer Herkunft?
- ↑ Mölzer, Andreas. "In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2012-07-22. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 October 2020.
- ↑ Manço, Altay; Taş, Ertugrul (2019), "Migrations Matrimoniales: Facteurs de Risque en Sante´ Mentale", The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, SAGE Publishing, 64 (6): 444, doi:10.1177/0706743718802800, PMC 6591757, PMID 30380909
- ↑ Debels, Thierry (2021), Operatie Rebel: toen de Belgische heroïnehandel in Turkse handen was, PMagazine, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 16 August 2021, สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 August 2021,
Volgens diverse bronnen zouden eerst een half miljoen Turken die toen in Belgie verbleven – Belgen van Turkse afkomst en aanverwanten – gescreend zijn.
- ↑ Lennie, Soraya (2017). "Turkish diaspora in Australia vote in referendum". TRT World. p. 28. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 November 2020.
An estimated 200,000 Turks live in Australia with most of them based in Melbourne's northern suburbs.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Vahdettin, Levent; Aksoy, Seçil; Öz, Ulaş; Orhan, Kaan (2016), Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Turkish Cypriots using CBCT images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program in vivo, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey,
Recent estimates suggest that there are now 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey, 300,000 in the United Kingdom, 120,000 in Australia, 5000 in the United States, 2000 in Germany, 1800 in Canada, and 1600 in New Zealand with a smaller community in South Africa.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Karcı, Durmuş (2018), "The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan", The Journal of Kesit Academy, 4 (13): 301–303
- ↑ Sayıner, Arda (2018). "Swedish touch in Turkey". Daily Sabah. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 September 2021.
- ↑ Laczko, Frank; Stacher, Irene; Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda (2002), New challenges for Migration Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, p. 187, ISBN 978-90-6704-153-9
- ↑ Widding, Lars. "Historik". KSF Prespa Birlik. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-07-20. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 November 2020.
- ↑ Демоскоп Weekly. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 21 May 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 January 2012.
- ↑ Ryazantsev 2009, p. 172.
- ↑ Schweizer Nein könnte Europa-Skeptiker stärken, Der Tagesspiegel, 2009, สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 May 2021,
Dabei erwarten Vertreter der rund 120.000 Türken in der Schweiz nach dem Referendum keine gravierenden Änderungen in ihrem Alltag.
- ↑ Aytaç, Seyit Ahmet (2018), Shared issues, stronger ties: Canada's envoy to Turkey, Anadolu Agency, สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 February 2021,
Turkish diaspora of some 100,000 Turks largely in Toronto is growing, says Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter ... We have a growing Turkish diaspora and they're doing very well in Canada. We think it's 100,000, largely in Toronto. We have several thousand Turkish students in Canada as well.
- ↑ Larsen, Nick Aagaard (2008), Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund, Danish Broadcasting Corporation, สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 November 2020,
Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
- ↑ Türk kadınının derdi Danimarka'da da aynı, Milliyet, 2015, สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 September 2021,
Danimarka’da yaşayan 75 bin Türk nüfusunda,...
- ↑ Seçkin, Barış (2020), İtalya'daki Türk vatandaşları Kovid-19 nedeniyle kayıp vermedi, Anadolu Agency, สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 September 2021,
İtalya’da yaşayan 50 bin kadar Türk vatandaşının
- ↑ Norwegian-Turkish cooperation, The Royal House of Norway, 2013, สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 September 2021
- ↑ State Statistics Service of Ukraine. "Ukrainian Census (2001):The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 January 2012.
- ↑ Asgabat. "Национальный и религиозный состав населения Туркменистана сегодня". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ June 24, 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-05-27.
- ↑ Kütük, Zeki (2010), Finlandiya'da Yabancı Düşmanlığı, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Türk Diasporası, Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 November 2020,
Toplam sayılarının 10 000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilen Türklerin...
- ↑ Pawłowska-Salińska, Katarzyna (2013), Nie pytaj Turka o kebab i język arabski, Gazeta Wyborcza, สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 November 2020,
Turków jest w Polsce ok. 5 tys. – wynika z danych opracowanych przez Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
- ↑ "How many Turks living in New Zealand?". Pearl of the Islands Foundation. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 13 พฤษภาคม 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 ตุลาคม 2008.
- ↑ Lacey, Jonathan (2007), "Exploring the Transnational Engagements of a Turkic Religio-Cultural Community in Ireland" (PDF), Translocations: The Irish Migration, Race and Social Transformation Review, 1 (2), คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 21 กรกฎาคม 2011, สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 กันยายน 2010
- ↑ "Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil". www.nepo.unicamp.br. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (ลิงก์) - ↑ Bir masal ülkesinde yaşam öğretisi., Milliyet, 2009, สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 September 2021,
Bu küçücük ülkede yaşayan 1000 Türk'ten...
- ↑ Triana, María (2017), Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective, Taylor & Francis, p. 168, ISBN 978-1-317-42368-3,
Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
- ↑ Bassem, Wassim (2016). "Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province". Al-Monitor. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 17 October 2016.
Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
- ↑ Tastekin, Fehim (2018). "Why Iraqi Turkmens are excluded from the new government". Al-Monitor. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 12 September 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 September 2021.
Turkmens are said to be 10-13% of the overall Iraqi population [i.e. 4 to 5 million out of a total population of 40 million], but that ratio is not reflected in parliament.
- ↑ Taef, El-Azhari (2005). "The Turkmen Identity Crisis in the fifteenth-century Middle East: The Turkmen-Turkish Struggle for Supremacy" (PDF). Chronica. 5. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 12 June 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 June 2018.
The Turkmen were always the forgotten minority in the area despite their large population. In the absence of official records, their numbers cannot be calculated, but it is widely accepted that they exceed three millions in Iraq, and one million in Syria and other countries.
- ↑ Aikman, David (2014), The Mirage of Peace: Understand The Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East, Baker Publishing Group, ISBN 9781441223555,
There is also about 1.7 million Turks in Syria, and about 800,000 Druze,...
- ↑ Rashad, Sarah (2020). "Kouloughlis: Turkey's bridge to intervention in Libya". Centre d'Etudes Moyen-Orient (CEMO). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2022-06-05. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 August 2021.
- ↑ Scipione, Alessandro (2019), Libia, la mappa dei combattenti stranieri, Inside Over, สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 September 2019,
La Turchia peraltro può vantare in Livia una numerosa comunità dei “Koroglu” (i libici di discendenza turca) che conterrebbe ben 1,4 milioni di individui, concentrati soprattutto a Misurata, la “città-Stato” situata circa 180 chilometri a est di Tripoli: praticamente meno un libico su quattro in Libia ha origini turche.
- ↑ Gamal, Gamal, Did the Turks sweeten Egypt's kitty?, Al-Ahram Weekly, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2019-06-20, สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 May 2018,
Today, the number of ethnic Turks in Egypt varies considerably, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 1,500,000. Most have intermingled in Egyptian society and are almost indistinguishable from non-Turkish Egyptians, even though a considerable number of Egyptians of Turkish origin are bilingual.
- ↑
Al-Akhbar. "Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition". Al Akhbar. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 20 June 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-03-02.
Erdogan's envoys were surprised to find out that Turks who immigrated 100 years ago today number nearly 80,000.
- ↑ "Suriye Türkmenlerinin sorunlarına ilişkin gündem dışı konuşması". Grand National Assembly of Turkey. 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 December 2020.
Yaklaşık olarak 200 bin Türkmen'in Lübnan'da yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir.
- ↑ Akar 1993, p. 95.
- ↑ Karpat 2004, p. 12.
- ↑ Yemen Raporu, Union of NGOs of The Islamic World, 2014, p. 26,
Bu noktadan hareketle, bölgede yaklaşık 10 bin ila 100 bin arasında Türk asıllı vatandaş bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
- ↑ Alaca, Mehmet (2019). "'Ürdün'de Kadim Türk Varlığı ve Akraba Topluluklar' raporu tanıtıldı". Anadolu Agency. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 September 2021.
- ↑ National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria (2011). "2011 Population Census in the Republic of Bulgaria (Final data)" (PDF). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.
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Turks in Bulgaria represent the largest ethnic minority group in the country, constituting almost 10% of Bulgaria's seven million total population,...
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- ↑ Knowlton, MaryLee; Nevins, Debbie (2020), North Macedonia, Cavendish Square Publishing, ISBN 9781502655905,
The Turks are the second largest national minority in Macedonia. Like other ethnic groups, they claim higher numbers than the census shows, somewhere between 170,000 and 200,000.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Barthold (1962) ""The book of my grandfather Korkut" ("Kitab-i dedem Korkut") is an outstanding monument of the medieval Oghuz heroic epic. Three modern Turkic-speaking peoples - Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks - are ethnically and linguistically related to the medieval Oghuzes. For all these peoples, the epic legends deposited in the "Book of Korkut" represent an artistic reflection of their historical past."
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- ↑ "Turks Of Western Thrace". Human Rights Watch. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-01-18. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 January 2018.
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Today, there are around 55,000 Turks living in Romania and they are represented as a minority in parliament.
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The significant Turkish population living in Romania (nearly 80,000 members, including immigrants)...
- ↑ 2011 census in the Republic of Kosovo.[ต้องการอ้างอิงเต็มรูปแบบ]
- ↑ OSCE (2010), "Community Profile: Kosovo Turks", Kosovo Communities Profile, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, p. 3,
Approximately 30,000 Kosovo Turks live in Kosovo today, while up to 250,000 people from different Kosovo communities speak or at least understand the Turkish language...The Turkish language has been granted official language status in the municipalities of Prizren and Vushtrri/ Vučitrn.
- ↑ Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül (2009), Global Security Watch—Turkey: A Reference Handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 107, ISBN 9780313345609,
Turks themselves are also an important ethnic minority in the region... In Kosovo, their number is estimated to be around 60,000...
- ↑ "1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti – detaljna klasifikacija". Popis.gov.ba.
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So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek.
- ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). "Turkey". Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3. Routledge. p. 1576. ISBN 9781579583880.
Subsequently, Hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region
- ↑ Sahadeo, Jeff; Zanca, Russell (2007). Everyday life in Central Asia : past and present. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0253013538.
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- ↑ Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (2010), "Turks", The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader, Westview Press, p. 27, ISBN 9780813344652,
Generally, they speak Turkish as a primary language, are Muslims (90% are Sunni), claim a Turkish heritage... Four groups of Turks can be identified through cultural and geographic differences. First, the Anatolian Turks in Asia Minor...Second, the Rumelian Turks (from Rum, meaning "Roman", or European) are European Turks who remained in Europe after the Ottoman days... Third are descendants of Turks who stayed in various parts of the Middle East separated from the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Fourth are some 200,000 Turkish Cypriots...
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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
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