ลัทธิไศวะ

ในศาสนาฮินดู ลัทธิไศวะ หรือ ไศวนิกาย (อังกฤษ: Shaivism) เป็นลัทธินิกายที่นับถือพระศิวะเป็นพระเป็นเจ้าหรือพรหมัน^[1] ศาสนิกชนในลัทธินี้เรียกว่าชาวไศวะ ซึ่งมีรูปแบบความเชื่อและการปฏิบัติแตกต่างกันไปเป็นหลายกลุ่ม เช่น ศิวสิทธานตะที่มีแนวคิดว่าบุคคลจะหลุดพ้นได้โดยการภักดีต่อพระศิวะ แต่ลัทธิโยคะถือว่าทุกสิ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของพรหมันอยู่แล้ว^[2]^[3] ลัทธินี้ถือพระเวทและอาคมเป็นคัมภีร์สำคัญ^[4]^[5]^[6]

ลัทธิไศวะมีที่มาจากการนับถือพระรุทรในสมัยพระเวท (ราวสองพันปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช)^[7] คัมภีร์เศวตาศวตโรปนิษัทซึ่งแต่งขึ้นราวหนึ่งพันปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราชปรากฏคำว่า รุทร ศิวะ มเหศวร^[8]^[9] แต่การตีความคำเหล่านี้ยังเป็นที่ถกเถียงอยู่^[10]^[11] จนถึงคริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1 ลัทธิไศวะทั้งสายภักตินิยมและสายโยคะก็เริ่มแพร่หลายในหลายอาณาจักร^[7] รวมทั้งในภูมิภาคเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ที่พบโบสถ์พราหมณ์ลัทธิไศวะหลายพันแห่งในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย กัมพูชา และเวียดนาม^[12]^[13]

ความเชื่อของลัทธิไศวะมีหลายรูปแบบ บางกลุ่มถือว่าพระศิวะคือมหาเทพพระผู้สร้าง รักษา และทำลายล้างโลก บางกลุ่มมองว่าพระศิวะหมายถึงอาตมันอันเป็นภาวะแก่นสารของสรรพสิ่ง ในด้านการปฏิบัติ มีการบูชาพระศิวะรวมถึงพระปารวตีผู้เป็นศักติ (ซึ่งแบบขนบของลัทธิศักติ) ตามโบสถ์พราหมณ์ต่าง ๆ^[3] บางกลุ่มเน้นการถือพรตฝึกโยคะเพื่อให้เข้าถึงพระศิวะที่เป็นอาตมันภายในตนเอง^[14]^[2]^[15]

อ้างอิง

↑ P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–14, 509–516. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Flood 2003, pp. 202–204.
↑ David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9, page 116
↑ Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes
↑ Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Peter Bisschop (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press
↑ [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 301-304;
[b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-8121509992, pages 106-111
↑ Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400-406 with footnotes
↑ A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531
↑ D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, ISBN 978-9004107588, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9
↑ Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.
↑ Jan Gonda (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN 90-04-04330-6.
↑ Flood 1996, pp. 162–167.
↑ "Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2015-04-30. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 2014. {{cite web}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |accessdate= (help)

แหล่งข้อมูล

Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-0567-5. (fourth revised & enlarged edition).
Basham, A. L. (1989). Zysk, Kenneth (บ.ก.). The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507349-2.
Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal (1913). Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0122-2. Third AES reprint edition, 1995.
Bhattacharyya, Haridas, บ.ก. (1956). The Cultural Heritage of India. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. Four volumes.
Bisschop, Peter C. (2020), "Early Śaivism - From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term", ใน Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (บ.ก.), Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 22, Leiden: Brill Publishers, pp. 14–32, doi:10.1163/9789004432802_003, ISBN 978-90-04-43266-6, S2CID 229212351.
Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 18, Leiden: Brill Publishers, doi:10.1163/9789004384361, ISBN 978-90-04-38246-6, S2CID 158081966.
Bisschop, Peter C. (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press
Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 71 (4): 230–249. doi:10.2307/596106. JSTOR 596106.
Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (first ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0053-3
Courtright, Paul B. (1985). Gaṇeśa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505742-3.
Daniélou, Alain (2017) [1964]. The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3638-9. OCLC 24247413. S2CID 169604069.
Daniélou, Alain (1984) [1979]. Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 0-89281-374-1. OCLC 25281659. S2CID 191033152.
Daniélou, Alain (1987). While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-59477-736-3. OCLC 15696932.
Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism. Cambridge University Press.
Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971). Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826523-8.
Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
Flood, Gavin, บ.ก. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405132510.
Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59. ISBN 9780199340378.
Grimes, John A. (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2440-7.
Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). The Roots of Tantra. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5306-3.
Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.
Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010). Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9-8123-0937-2.
Gonda, Jan (1977). "10-13". Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1. Harrassowitz Verlag.
Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
Ann R. Kinney; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003). Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2779-3.
Stella Kramrisch (1993). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01930-7.
Lorenzen, David N. (1987). "Śaivism: An Overview". ใน Mircea Eliade (บ.ก.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13. Collier Macmillan.
Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
Lipner, Julius (2012). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-24061-5.
Mallinson, James (2012). "Nāth Sampradāya". ใน Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; Vasudha Narayanan (บ.ก.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Vol. 3. Brill Academic.
Mate, M. S. (1988). Temples and Legends of Maharashtra. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
R. Blake Michael (1992). The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0776-1.
Muller-Ortega, Paul E. (2010). Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1385-3.
Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3696-7.
Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition". Social Scientist. 29 (3/4): 19–50. doi:10.2307/3518337. JSTOR 3518337.
Oberlies, T. (1998). Die Religion des Rgveda. Vienna.
Parmeshwaranand, S. (2004). Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-427-4.
Pathak, V. S. (1960). History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass.
Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6006-7.
A. K. Ramanujan (1973). Speaking of Śiva. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044270-0.
Velcheru Narayana Rao; Gene H. Roghair (2014). Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6090-6.
Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225.
Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3
Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". ใน Shingo Einoo (บ.ก.). Genesis and Development of Tantrism. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture.
Sanderson, Alexis (1988). "Saivism and the Tantric Traditions". ใน S Sutherland; และคณะ (บ.ก.). The World's Religions. Routledge.
Sanderson, Alexis (1995). "Meaning of a Tantric Ritual". ใน AM Blondeau; K Schipper (บ.ก.). Essais sur le Rituel. Louvain: Peeters.
Alexis Sanderson (2004). "The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 90/91: 349–462. JSTOR 43732654.
Alexis Sanderson (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux (บ.ก.). Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner. Institut Français de Pondichéry. ISBN 978-2855396668.
Hilko Wiardo Schomerus (2000). Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1569-8.
Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0544-6. Second edition.
Tattwananda, Swami (1984), Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
Vasugupta (1992). The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika. Mark Dyczkowski (translator). State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1264-0.
* Kramrisch, Stella (1994a), The Presence of Śiva, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019307
Winternitz, Maurice (1972). History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaivism"
Saivism.Net
Alexis sanderson, Publications, scholarly studies in Shaivism

[Raju1985p10-1] P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–14, 509–516. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4.

[ganeshtagare-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19

[FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Flood 2003, pp. 202–204.

[davidsmith116-4] David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9, page 116

[dhavamony-5] Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes

[Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43-6] Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44

[bisschopoup-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Peter Bisschop (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press

[8] [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 301-304;
[b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-8121509992, pages 106-111

[9] Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400-406 with footnotes

[10] A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531

[srinivasanch9-11] D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, ISBN 978-9004107588, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9

[FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–214-12] Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.

[13] Jan Gonda (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN 90-04-04330-6.

[FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-14] Flood 1996, pp. 162–167.

[Himalaya_Academy-15] "Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2015-04-30. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 2014. {{cite web}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |accessdate= (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]