ผู้ใช้:Koroyawin/ทดลองเขียน5

ทางลัด: รายพระนามผู้ปกครองรัสเซีย


นี่คือ รายพระนามเจ้าชาย ซาร์ และจักรพรรดิรัสเซีย โดยเริ่มจากรัชสมัยเจ้าชายรูรีกูแห่งนอฟโกรอด (กึ่งตำนาน) ประมาณ พ.ศ. 1405 จนถึงรัชสมัยจักรพรรดินิโคไลที่ 2 ซึ่งสละราชสมบัติในปี 2460 และถูกประหารชีวิตพร้อมพระราชวงศ์ในปี 2461

ดินแดนอันกว้างใหญ่ที่เรียกกันในปัจจุบันว่ารัสเซียครอบคลุมพื้นที่ที่ถูกปกครองโดยกลุ่มการเมืองต่าง ๆ รวมถึงจักรวรรดิรุสเคียฟ[1] แกรนด์ดัชชีมอสโก อาณาจักรซาร์รัสเซียและจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย การมีอธิปไตยของหลายชาติ รัสเซียจึงมีการใช้ตำแหน่งต่าง ๆ มากมาย โดยมีการใช้ kniaz หรือ velikiy kniaz ซึ่งหมายถึงเจ้าชายเป็นชื่อแรกสุด ซึ่งบางครั้งได้รับการแปลเป็นดยุกหรือแกรนด์ดยุก ในวรรณคดีตะวันตก จากนั้นจึงเรียกซาร์ ซึ่งถูกโต้แย้งว่ามีความเท่าเทียมกับกษัตริย์หรือจักรพรรดิ ในที่สุดก็ถึงจุดสูงสุดในตำแหน่งจักรพรรดิ ตามมาตรา 59 ของรัฐธรรมนูญรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2449 จักรพรรดิรัสเซียดำรงตำแหน่งหลายสิบตำแหน่ง โดยแต่ละตำแหน่งเป็นตัวแทนของภูมิภาคที่พระมหากษัตริย์ปกครอง[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Rurikids, 862–1598

แก้

Parts of the land that is today known as Russia was populated by various East Slavic peoples from before the 9th century. The first states to exert hegemony over the region were those of the Rus' people, a branch of Nordic Varangians who entered the region occupied by modern Russia sometime in the ninth century, and set up a series of states starting with the Rus' Khaganate ป. 830. Little is known of the Rus' Khaganate beyond its existence, including the extent of its territory or any reliable list of its khagans (rulers).

Princes of Novgorod

แก้

Traditionally, Rus' statehood is traced to Rurik, Rus' leader of Novgorod (modern Veliky Novgorod), a different Rus' state.

พระนาม ครองราชย์ หมายเหตุ
 
รูรีกู
(Рюрик)
พ.ศ. 1405 – 1422 เป็นหัวหน้าวารันเจียนกึ่งตำนานของชนชาวรุสที่ได้รับเชิญให้ครองราชย์ที่นอฟโกรอดและเป็นผู้ก่อตั้งราชวงศ์รูรีกู
 
โอเลค
ผู้หยั่งรู้
(Олег Вещий)
พ.ศ. 1422 – 1425 Relative of Rurik and regent of his son, Prince Igor

Grand princes of Kiev

แก้

Rurik's successor Oleg moved his capital to Kiev (now Ukraine), founding the state of Kievan Rus'. Over the next several centuries, the most important titles were Grand Prince of Kiev and Grand Prince of Novgorod whose holder (often the same person) could claim hegemony.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Oleg
  • the Seer
  • Олег Вещий
855–912 882 Autumn 912 Successor of Askold and Dir as a regent of Rurik's son Rurikids  
Igor I
  • Игорь Рюрикович
878–945 913 Autumn 945 Son of Rurik Rurikids  
Saint Olga
  • Святая Ольга
890–969 945 964 Wife of Igor I and regent of Sviatoslav I Rurikids
(by marriage)
 
Sviatoslav I
  • Святослав Игоревич
942–972 964 March 972 Son of Igor I and Olga Rurikids  
Yaropolk I
  • Ярополк Святославич
950–980 March 972 11 June 980 Son of Sviatoslav I and Predslava Rurikids  
Saint Vladimir I
  • the Great, the Baptist
  • Владимир Святославич (Великий)
958–1015 11 June 980 15 July 1015 Son of Sviatoslav I and Malusha
Younger brother of Yaropolk I
Rurikids  
Sviatopolk I
  • the Cursed
  • Святополк Владимирович (Окаянный)
980–1019 15 July 1015 Autumn 1016 Son of Vladimir I
Overthrown by Yaroslav of Novgorod
Rurikids  
Yaroslav I
  • the Wise
  • Ярослав Владимирович (Мудрый)
978–1054 Autumn 1016 22 July 1018 Son of Vladimir I and Rogneda of Polotsk
Prince of Novgorod since 1010
Rurikids  
Sviatopolk I
  • the Cursed
  • Святополк Владимирович (Окаянный)
980–1019 14 August 1018 27 July 1019 Restored. Fled from Kiev after defeat from Yaroslav on Alta River Rurikids  
Yaroslav I
  • the Wise
  • Ярослав Владимирович (Мудрый)
978–1054 27 July 1019 20 February 1054 Restored
Co-ruler: Mstislav of Chernigov (1024–1036)
Rurikids  

Feudal period

แก้

The gradual disintegration of Rus' began in the 11th century, after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The position of the Grand Prince was weakened by the growing influence of regional clans. In 1097, the Council of Liubech formalized the feudal nature of the Rus' lands.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Iziaslav I
  • Изяслав Ярославич
1024–1078 20 February 1054 15 September 1068 First son of Yaroslav I and Ingegerd Olofsdotter. Overthrown Rurikids  
Vseslav
  • the Sorcerer
  • Всеслав Брячиславич (Чародей)
1039–1101 15 September 1068 29 April 1069 Great-grandson of Vladimir I
Usurped the Kievan throne
Prince of Polotsk (1044–67, 1071–1101)
Rurikids  
Iziaslav I
  • Изяслав Ярославич
1024–1078 2 May 1069 22 March 1073 Restored Rurikids  
Sviatoslav II
  • Святослав Ярославич
1027–1076 22 March 1073 27 December 1076 Third son of Yaroslav I and Ingegerd Olofsdotter
Prince of Chernigov (1054–73)
Rurikids  
Vsevolod I
  • Всеволод Ярославич
1030–1093 1 January 1077 15 July 1077 Fourth son of Yaroslav I and Ingegerd Olofsdotter
Handed over the throne to Iziaslav I
Prince of Pereyaslavl (1054–73), Chernigov (1073–78). The first known of the Kiev princes to bear the title of "Prince of all Rus′"
Rurikids  
Iziaslav I
  • Изяслав Ярославич
1024–1078 15 July 1077 3 October 1078 Restored Rurikids  
Vsevolod I
  • Всеволод Ярославич
1030–1093 3 October 1078 13 April 1093 Retook the throne after Iziaslav's death Rurikids  
Sviatopolk II
  • Святополк Изяславич
1050–1113 24 April 1093 16 April 1113 Son of Iziaslav I
Prince of Novgorod (1078–88), Turov (1088–93)
Rurikids  
Vladimir II
  • Monomakh ("He who fights alone")
  • Владимир Всеволодович (Мономах)
1053–1125 20 April 1113 19 May 1125 Son of Vsevolod I and Anastasia of Byzantium
Prince of Smolensk (1073–78), Chernigov (1078–94), Pereyaslavl (1094–1113)
Rurikids  
Mstislav I
  • the Great
  • Мстислав Владимирович (Великий)
1076–1132 20 May 1125 15 April 1132 Son of Vladimir II and Gytha of Wessex
Prince of Novgorod (1088–1117), Belgorod (1117–25)
Rurikids  

After Mstislav's death in 1132, the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline. The throne of Kiev became an object of struggle between various territorial associations of Rurikid princes.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Yaropolk II
  • Ярополк Владимирович
1082–1139 17 April 1132 18 February 1139 Son of Vladimir II and Gytha of Wessex
Younger brother of Mstislav I
Prince of Pereyaslavl (1114–32)
Rurikids  
Viacheslav
  • Вячеслав Владимирович
1083

2 February 1154
22 February 1139 4 March 1139 Son of Vladimir II and Gytha of Wessex
Prince of Smolensk (1113–27), Turov, Pereyaslavl
Rurikids  
Vsevolod II
  • Всеволод Ольгович
1084–1146 5 March 1139 30 July 1146 Grandson of Sviatoslav II via Oleg of Chernigov
Prince of Chernigov (1127–39)
Rurikids  
Saint Igor II
  • Игорь Ольгович
1096

19 September 1146
1 August 1146 13 August 1146 Younger brother of Vsevolod II. Overthrown Rurikids  
Iziaslav II
  • Изяслав Мстиславич
1097–1154 13 August 1146 23 August 1149 Son of Mstislav I and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden Rurikids  
Yuri I
  • the Long Hands
  • Юрий Владимирович (Юрий Долгорукий)
1099–1157 28 August 1149 Summer 1150 Son of Vladimir II and Gytha of Wessex
Fled from Kiev when Iziaslav's troops were approaching the city
Prince of Rostov and Suzdal (1113–49, 1151–57)
Rurikids  
Viacheslav
  • of Smolensk
    Вячеслав Владимирович
1083

2 February 1154
Summer 1150 Summer 1150 Restored. Agreed to cede the throne seeing the support of Iziaslav by the townspeople Rurikids  
Iziaslav II
  • Изяслав Мстиславич
1097–1154 Summer 1150 Summer 1150 Restored. Fled to Vladimir-Volynsky under the threat of Yuri's attack Rurikids  
Yuri I
  • the Long Hands
  • Юрий Владимирович (Юрий Долгорукий)
1099–1157 August 1150 Winter 1151 Restored Rurikids  
Iziaslav II
  • Изяслав Мстиславич
1097–1154 Winter 1151 13 November 1154 Restored
Co-ruler: Viacheslav
Rurikids  
Viacheslav
  • Вячеслав Владимирович
1083

December 1154
Spring 1151 December 1154 Restored as Iziaslav's senior co-ruler. After Iziaslav's death Rostislav of Smolensk was proclaimed Viacheslav's new co-prince Rurikids  
Rostislav
  • Ростислав Мстиславич
1110–1167 1154 January 1155 Son of Mstislav I and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, younger brother of Iziaslav II
Left Kiev after defeat from Iziaslav of Chernigov
Rurikids  
Iziaslav III
  • Изяслав Давыдович
12th century January 1155 1155 Grandson of Sviatoslav II via Davyd of Chernigov. Ceded the Kiev throne to Yuri the Long Hands
Prince of Chernigov (1151–57)
Rurikids  
Yuri I
  • the Long Hands
  • Юрий Владимирович (Юрий Долгорукий)
1099–1157 20 March 1155 15 May 1157 Restored Rurikids  
Iziaslav III
  • Изяслав Давыдович
12th century 19 May 1157 December 1158 Restored. Defeated by Mstislav of Volhynia Rurikids  
Mstislav II
  • Мстислав Изяславич
1125–1170 22 December 1158 Spring 1159 Son of Iziaslav II. Сeded the throne to Rostislav Rurikids  
Rostislav
  • Ростислав Мстиславич
1110–1167 12 April 1159 8 February 1161 Restored. Overthrown by Iziaslav and fled to Belgorod Rurikids  
Iziaslav III
  • Изяслав Давыдович
12th century 12 February 1161 6 March 1161 Restored. Mortally wounded after failed siege of Belgorod Rurikids  
Rostislav
  • Ростислав Мстиславич
1110–1167 March 1161 14 March 1167 Restored Rurikids  
Mstislav II
  • Мстислав Изяславич
1125–1170 19 May 1167 12 March 1169 Restored Rurikids  

In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by the Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalAndrei of Vladimir—sacked Kiev and forced the ruling prince—Mstislav II of Kiev—to flee to Volhynia. Andrei appointed his brother—Gleb of Kiev—as Prince of Kiev while Andrei himself continued to rule his realm from Vladimir on Klyazma. From that time onwards, north-eastern Rus', which was centered on the city of Vladimir, became one of the most influential Rus' lands. In the south-west, the Principality (later the kingdom) of Galicia-Volhynia began to emerge as the local successor to Kiev. Following the Mongol invasions, three powerful states remained as the successors of Kievan Rus': the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north east—which would evolve into the Principality of Muscovy; the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in the south-west; and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the north.

Grand Princes of Vladimir

แก้

By the 12th century, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir became the dominant principality in Northwest Rus, adding its name to those of Novgorod and Kiev, culminating with the rule of Alexander Nevsky. In 1169 Prince Andrey I of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the grand prince to claim primacy in Rus'.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Saint Andrey I
  • the Pious
  • Андрей Юрьевич (Боголюбский)
ป.1111–1174 15 May 1157 29 June 1174 Son of Yuri I
Assassinated by local nobility
Rurikids  
Mikhalko
  • Михалко Юрьевич
12th century 1174 September 1174 Son of Yuri I
Younger brother of Andrey I
Rurikids  
Yaropolk III
  • Ярополк Ростиславич
12th century 1174 15 June 1175 Grandson of Yuri I Rurikids  
Mikhalko
  • Михалко Юрьевич
12th century 15 June 1175 20 June 1176 Restored Rurikids  
Vsevolod III
  • the Big Nest
  • Всеволод Юрьевич (Большое Гнездо)
1154–1212 June 1176 15 April 1212 Son of Yuri I and Helene
Younger brother of Andrey I and Mikhalko
Rurikids  
Yuri II
  • Юрий Всеволодович
1189–1238 1212 27 April 1216 Son of Vselovod III and Maria Shvarnovna Rurikids  
Konstantin
  • of Rostov
    Константин Всеволодович
1186–1218 Spring 1216 2 February 1218 Son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna
Elder brother of Yuri II
Rurikids  
Yuri II
  • Юрий Всеволодович
1189–1238 February 1218 4 March 1238 Restored Rurikids  

Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1242. Its successor principalities started paying tribute to the Golden Horde (the so-called Tatar Yoke). From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, princes of northeastern Rus' received a yarlyk (a special edict of Golden Horde khan).[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Yaroslav II
  • Ярослав Всеволодович
1191–1246 1238 30 September 1246 Son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna
Younger brother of Yuri II and Konstantin of Rostov
Also Grand Prince of Kiev in 1236–38 and since 1243
Rurikids  
Sviatoslav III
  • Святослав Всеволодович
1196

3 February 1252
1246 1248 Son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna
Younger brother of Yuri II, Konstantin of Rostov and Yaroslav II
Rurikids  
Mikhail
  • Khorobrit (the Brave)
  • Михаил Ярославич (Хоробрит)
1229

15 January 1248
1248 15 January 1248 Son of Yaroslav II Rurikids  
Sviatoslav III
  • Святослав Всеволодович
1196

3 February 1252
1248 1249 Restored Rurikids  
Andrey II
  • Андрей Ярославич
1222–1264 December 1249 24 July 1252 Son of Yaroslav II
Elder brother of Mikhail Khorobrit
Rurikids  
Saint Alexander
  • Nevsky
  • Александр Ярославич (Невский)
1221–1263 1252 14 November 1263 Son of Yaroslav II and Rostislava Mstislavna, daughter of Kievan Rus' Prince Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold
Elder brother of Mikhail Khorobrit and Andrey II
Prince of Novgorod three times, Grand Prince of Kiev since 1249
Rurikids  

Alexander Nevsky was the last prince to reign directly from Vladimir. After his death, Northeastern Rus′ fell apart into a dozen principalities. The territory of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir proper was received by the Horde to one of the appanage princes, who performed the enthronement ceremony in Vladimir, but remained to live and reign in his own principality. By the end of the century, only three cities – Moscow, Tver, and Nizhny Novgorod – still contended for the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Yaroslav III
  • of Tver
    Ярослав Ярославич
1230–1272 1264 1271 Son of Yaroslav II and Fedosia Igorevna
Younger brother of Alexander Nevsky, Andrey II and Mikhail Khorobrit
Rurikids  
Vasily
  • of Kostroma
    Василий Ярославич
1241–1276 1272 January 1277 Son of Yaroslav II Rurikids  
Dmitry
  • of Pereslavl
    Дмитрий Александрович
1250–1294 1277 1281 Son of Alexander Nevsky Rurikids  
Andrey III
  • of Gorodets
    Андрей Александрович
1255–1304 1281 December 1283 Son of Alexander Nevsky
Younger brother of Dmitry of Pereslavl
Rurikids  
Dmitry
  • of Pereslavl
    Дмитрий Александрович
1250–1294 December 1283 1293 Restored Rurikids  
Andrey III
  • of Gorodets
    Андрей Александрович
1255–1304 1293 27 July 1304 Restored Rurikids  
Saint Mikhail
  • of Tver
    Михаил Ярославич (Михаил Тверской)
1271–1318 Autumn 1304 22 November 1318 Son of Yaroslav III and Xenia of Tarusa
Murdered
Rurikids  
Yuri III
  • of Moscow
    Юрий Данилович
1281–1325 1318 2 November 1322 Grandson of Alexander Nevsky Rurikids  
Dmitry
  • the Fearsome Eyes
  • of Tver
    Дмитрий Михайлович (Грозные Очи)
1299–1326 1322 15 September 1326 Son of Michael of Tver and Anna of Kashin
Murdered
Rurikids  
Alexander
  • of Tver
    Александр Михайлович
1301–1339 1326 1327 Son of Michael of Tver and Anna of Kashin
Younger brother of Dmitry
Rurikids  
Alexander [ru]
  • of Suzdal
    Александр Васильевич
14th century 1328 1331 Grandson of Andrey II
Co-ruler: Ivan I of Moscow
Rurikids  
Ivan I
  • Kalita (the Moneybag)
  • of Moscow
    Иван Данилович (Иван Калита)
1288–1340 1328 31 March 1340 Grandson of Alexander Nevsky
Son of Daniel of Moscow
Younger brother of Yuri III
Co-ruler: Alexander of Suzdal (until 1331)
Rurikids  
Simeon
  • the Proud
  • of Moscow
    Симеон Иванович (Симеон Гордый)
7 September 1317

27 April 1353
1 October 1340 27 April 1353 Son of Ivan I and Helena Rurikids  
Ivan II
  • the Fair
  • of Moscow
    Иван Иванович (Иван Красный)
30 March 1326

13 November 1359
25 March 1354 13 November 1359 Son of Ivan I and Helena
Younger brother of Simeon
Rurikids  
Dmitry
  • of Suzdal
    Дмитрий Константинович
1322

5 July 1383
22 June 1360 December 1362 Son of Konstantin Vasilyevich of Suzdal Rurikids  
Saint Dmitry
  • Donskoy
  • of Moscow
    Дмитрий Иванович (Дмитрий Донской)
12 October 1350

19 May 1389
January 1363 19 May 1389 Son of Ivan II and Alexandra Velyaminova
Prince of Moscow since 1359
Rurikids  

After Dmitry the throne of Vladimir was succeeded only by princes of Moscow.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Grand Princes of Moscow

แก้
Page 'Prince of Moscow#List of princes' not found

Tsars of Russia

แก้

Ivan the Terrible assumed the title Tsar of all Rus' in 1547, whereby the Tsardom of Russia (apart from its constituent principalities) was established.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Ivan IV
  • the Terrible
  • Иван Васильевич (Иван Грозный)
25 August 1530

28 March 1584
26 January 1547 28 March 1584 Son of Vasily III and Elena Glinskaya
"Grand Prince": Simeon Bekbulatovich (1575–1576)
Rurikids  
Feodor I
  • the Blessed
  • Фёдор Иванович (Фёдор Блаженный)
31 May 1557

17 January 1598
28 March 1584 17 January 1598 Son of Ivan IV and Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva Rurikids  

Time of Troubles, 1598–1613

แก้

In 1581, Ivan the Terrible killed his firstborn son and heir apparent Ivan Ivanovich in a fit of rage, leaving only the politically incompetent and physically fragile Feodor I to succeed him. Feodor died childless, marking the end of the Rurik dynasty and the start of a succession crisis called the Time of Troubles. The first non-Rurikid tsar was Feodor's brother-in-law and regent, the influent boyar Boris Godunov, elected by the Zemsky Sobor (feudal parliament).

Tsars of Russia

แก้
พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Irina (disputed)
  • Ирина Фёдоровна Годунова
1557

27 October 1603
17 January 1598 21 February 1598 Wife of Feodor I Godunov  
Boris
  • Борис Фёдорович Годунов
1551

13 April 1605
21 February 1598 13 April 1605 Brother-in-law of Feodor I
Elected by Zemsky Sobor
Godunov  
Feodor II
  • Фёдор Борисович Годунов
1589

20 June 1605
13 April 1605 10 June 1605 Son of Boris Godunov and Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya
Murdered
Godunov  

Devastated by famine, rule under Boris descended into anarchy. There followed a series of impostors, known as the False Dmitrys, each claiming to be Feodor I's long deceased younger brother; however, only the first impostor ever took the capital and sat on the throne. A distant Rurikid cousin, Vasily Shuysky, also took power for a time. During this period foreign powers deeply involved themselves in Russian politics, under the leadership of the Vasa monarchs of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania, including Sigismund III Vasa and his son Władysław. As a child, Władysław was even chosen as Tsar by the council of aristocracy, though he was prevented by his father from formally taking the throne. The Time of Troubles is considered to have ended with the election of Michael Romanov to the throne in February 1613.

Tsars of Russia

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พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
False Dmitry I
  • Лжедмитрий I
1581

17 May 1606
20 June 1605 17 May 1606 Claiming to be son of Ivan IV, he was the only impostor to actually sit on the throne of a major power. Backed by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Murdered. Rurikids
(claimed)
 
Vasily IV
  • Василий Иванович Шуйский
22 September 1552

12 September 1612
19 May 1606 17 July 1610 Orchestrated a conspiracy against False Dmitry, proclaimed Tsar by the nobles. Deposed and sent to Poland
Pretender: False Dmitry II (since June 1607)
Shuysky  
Vladislav
  • Владислав Жигимонтович
9 June 1595

20 May 1648
6 September 1610 November 1612
(resigned his claim in 1634)
King of Poland since 1632
Son of Sigismund III Vasa and Anne of Austria
Elected by the Seven Boyars, never assumed the throne
Pretenders: False Dmitry II (until 21 December 1610), False Dmitry III (July 1611 – May 1612)
Vasa  

Romanovs, 1613–1917

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Tsars of Russia

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The Time of Troubles came to a close with the election of Michael Romanov as Tsar in 1613 to the Tsardom of Russia. Michael officially reigned as Tsar, though his father, the Patriarch Philaret (died 1633) initially held the real power. However, Michael's descendants would rule Russia, first as Tsars and later as Emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725), a grandson of Michael Romanov, reorganized the Russian state along more Western lines, establishing the Russian Empire in 1721.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Michael
  • Михаил Фёдорович
12 July 1596

12 July 1645
26 July 1613 12 July 1645 Founder of Romanov Dynasty
First cousin once removed of Feodor I
Co-ruler: Patriarch Filaret (1619–1633)
Romanov  
Alexis
  • the Quietest
  • Алексей Михайлович (Алексей Тишайший)
9 May 1629

29 January 1676
12 July 1645 29 January 1676 Son of Michael and Eudoxia Streshneva Romanov  
Feodor III
  • Фёдор III Алексеевич
9 June 1661

7 May 1682
29 January 1676 7 May 1682 Son of Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya Romanov  
Ivan V
  • Иван V Алексеевич
6 September 1666

8 February 1696
7 May 1682 8 February 1696 Son of Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya
Younger brother of Feodor III and Sophia
Elder half-brother of Peter I
Co-ruler: Peter I
Regent: princess Sophia (8 June 1682 – 17 September 1689)
Romanov  
Peter I
  • Пётр I Алексеевич
9 June 1672

8 February 1725
7 May 1682 2 November 1721 Son of Alexis and Natalya Naryshkina
Younger half-brother of Feodor III
Co-ruler: Ivan V (7 May 1682 – 8 February 1696)
Regent: tsaritsa dowager Natalia (7 May – 2 June 1682), princess Sophia (8 June 1682 – 17 September 1689)
Romanov  

Emperors of Russia

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(Also Grand Princes of Finland from 1809 until 1917; and Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1917)

The Empire of Russia was declared by Peter the Great in 1721. Officially, Russia would be ruled by the Romanov dynasty until the Russian Revolution of 1917. However, direct male descendants of Michael Romanov came to an end in 1730 with the death of Peter II of Russia, grandson of Peter the Great. The throne passed to Anna, a niece of Peter the Great, and after the brief rule of her niece's infant son Ivan VI, the throne was seized by Elizabeth, a daughter of Peter the Great. Elizabeth would be the last of the direct Romanovs to rule Russia. Elizabeth declared her nephew, Peter, to be her heir. Peter (who would rule as Peter III) spoke little Russian, having been a German prince of the House of Holstein-Gottorp before arriving in Russia to assume the Imperial title. He and his German wife Sophia changed their name to Romanov upon inheriting the throne. Peter was ill-liked, and he was assassinated within six months of assuming the throne, in a coup orchestrated by his wife, who became Empress in her own right and ruled as Catherine the Great (both Peter and Catherine were descended from the House of Rurik). Following the confused successions of the descendants of Peter the Great, Catherine's son Paul I established clear succession laws which governed the rules of primogeniture over the Imperial throne until the fall of the Empire in 1917.

พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Peter I
  • the Great
  • Пётр I Алексеевич (Пётр Великий)
9 June 1672

8 February 1725
2 November 1721 8 February 1725 Son of Alexis and Natalya Naryshkina
Younger half-brother of Feodor III, Sophia and Ivan V
Regarded as one of the greatest Russian monarchs
Romanov  
Catherine I
  • Екатерина I Алексеевна
15 April 1684

17 May 1727
8 February 1725 17 May 1727 Second wife of Peter I House of Skavronsky [ru] (by birth)
Romanov (by marriage)
 
Peter II
  • Пётр II Алексеевич
23 October 1715

30 January 1730
18 May 1727 30 January 1730 Grandson of Peter I via the murdered Tsesarevich Alexei
Last male of the direct Romanov line
Romanov  
Anna
  • Анна Иоанновна
7 February 1693

28 October 1740
13 February 1730 28 October 1740 Daughter of Ivan V and Praskovia Saltykova Romanov  
Ivan VI
  • Иван VI Антонович
23 August 1740

16 July 1764
28 October 1740 6 December 1741 Great-grandson of Ivan V
Deposed as a baby, imprisoned and later murdered
Regents: E. J. von Biron (until 20 November 1740), Anna Leopoldovna (since 20 November 1740)
Mecklenburg-Brunswick-Romanov [ru]  
Elizabeth
  • Елизавета Петровна
29 December 1709

5 January 1762
6 December 1741 5 January 1762 Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I Romanov  
Peter III
  • Пётр III Фёдорович
21 February 1728

17 July 1762
5 January 1762 9 July 1762 Grandson of Peter I
Nephew of Elizabeth
Deposed and later murdered
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Catherine II
  • the Great
  • Екатерина II Алексеевна (Екатерина Великая)
2 May 1729

17 November 1796
9 July 1762 17 November 1796 Wife of Peter III
Niece-in-law of Elizabeth of Russia
Died of a stroke
Ascania (by birth)
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov (by marriage)
 
Paul I
  • Павел I Петрович
1 October 1754

23 March 1801
17 November 1796 23 March 1801 Son of Peter III and Catherine II
Assassinated
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Alexander I
  • the Blessed
  • Александр I Павлович (Александр Благословенный)
23 December 1777

1 December 1825
23 March 1801 1 December 1825 Son of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
First Romanov King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Constantine (disputed)
  • Константин Павлович
27 April 1779

27 June 1831
1 December 1825 26 December 1825 Son of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
Younger brother and heir presumptive of Alexander I
Secretly abdicated in 1823, proclaimed emperor in capital, abdicated again)
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Nicholas I
  • Николай I Павлович
6 July 1796

2 March 1855
26 December 1825 2 March 1855 Son of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
Younger brother of Alexander I and Constantine
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Alexander II
  • the Liberator
  • Александр II Николаевич (Александр Освободитель)
29 April 1818

13 March 1881
2 March 1855 13 March 1881 Son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodrovna
Nephew of Alexander I
Assassinated
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Alexander III
  • the Peacemaker
  • Александр III Александрович (Александр Миротворец)
10 March 1845

1 November 1894
13 March 1881 1 November 1894 Son of Alexander II and Maria Alexandrovna Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Saint Nicholas II
  • Николай II Александрович
18 May 1868

17 July 1918
1 November 1894 15 March 1917 Son of Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna
Abdicated the throne during the February Revolution
Murdered by the Bolsheviks
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  

Pretenders after Nicholas II

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พระนาม
อายุขัย
เริ่มรัชกาล
สิ้นสุดรัชกาล
หมายเหตุ
ราชวงศ์
พระฉายาลักษณ์
Michael Aleksandrovich
  • Михаил Александрович
4 December 1878

13 June 1918
15 March 1917 16 March 1917 Younger brother of Nicholas II
Abdicated after a nominal reign of only 18 hours,
ending dynastic rule in Russia[2]
He is not usually recognised as an emperor, as Russian law did not allow Nicholas II to disinherit his son
[3]
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Nikolai Nikolaevich
  • Николай Николаевич
6 November 1856

5 January 1929
8 August 1922 25 October 1922 Grandson of Nicholas I
Proclaimed Emperor of Russia by the Zemsky Sobor of the Provisional Priamurye Government while being in exile
His nominal rule came to an end when the areas controlled by the Provisional Priamurye Government were overrun by the communists
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  
Kirill Vladimirovich
"Cyril I"
  • Кирилл Владимирович
30 September 1876

12 October 1938
31 August 1924 12 October 1938 Grandson of Alexander II
Claimed the title Emperor of All the Russias while in exile[4]
Recognised by a congress of legitimists delegates in Paris in 1926[5]
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov  

The rights of Kirill Vladimirovich and his heirs to the imperial throne of Russia have been repeatedly questioned following his marriage with Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The principles laid down by Paul I in the Act of Succession 1797 turned out to be not completely flawlessly formulated, and, as a result, the interpretation of these is not always obvious, and Russia now has no indisputable contender for the throne. Moreover, for more than a hundred years the throne itself has ceased to exist. Nevertheless, when in 1915 Nicholas II, before the lack of successible Grand-Dukes, allowed them to retain their personal rights, as it had happened in practice with Alexander II after his second and morganatic marriage, Kirill Vladimirovich's issue was never deemed to be considered morganatic, nor were they demoted from Grand-Dukes to mere Princes.

Timeline of monarchs

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Feodor IIvan the TerribleVasili IIIIvan III the GreatDmitry ShemyakaVasily the SquintYury of ZvenigorodVasily II the DarkVasily IDmitry DonskoyDmitry of SuzdalIvan II of MoscowSimeon the ProudIvan KalitaAlexander of TverDmitry of TverYury of MoscowMichael of TverAndrey of GorodetsDmitry of PereslavlVasily of KostromaYaroslav IIIAlexander NevskyAndrey IIMikhail KhorobritSviatoslav III of VladimirYaroslav II of VladimirKonstantin of RostovYuri IIVsevolod the Big NestYaropolk IIIMikhail of VladimirAndrey BogolyubskyIziaslav IIIRostislav IYuri DolgorukiyIziaslav IIIgor IIVsevolod IIViacheslav I of KievYaropolk IIMstislav IVladimir MonomakhSviatopolk IIVsevolod ISviatoslav IIVseslav of PolotskIziaslav IYaroslav the WiseSviatopolk I of KievVladimir the GreatYaropolk ISviatoslav IOlga of KievIgor IOleg of NovgorodRurik
Nicholas II of RussiaAlexander III of RussiaAlexander II of RussiaNicholas I of RussiaAlexander I of RussiaPaul I of RussiaCatherine II the GreatPeter III of RussiaElizabeth PetrovnaIvan VI of RussiaAnna IoanovnaPeter II of RussiaCatherine I of RussiaPeter I of RussiaIvan V of RussiaFeodor III of RussiaAlexis of RussiaMichael RomanovWładysław IV VasaFalse Dmitry IIVasily ShuyskyFalse Dmitry IFeodor IIBoris Godunov

See also

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References

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  1. Glenn E. Curtis (1996). "Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods". Russia: A Country Study. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 27 September 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 November 2013.
  2. Montefiore, Simon S. (2016) The Romanovs, 1613–1918 London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 619–621
  3. "The Abdication of Nicholas II: 100 Years Later". The Russian Legitimist. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 January 2018.
  4. Almanach de Gotha (182nd ed.). Almanach de Gotha. 1998. p. 214.
  5. Shain, Yossi The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State University of Michigan Press (2005) p.69.
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