|
Labial
|
Labio-dental
|
Dental
|
Retroflex
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Voiceless stop
|
p
|
|
t
|
|
|
|
k
|
q
|
Aspirated stop
|
pʰ
|
|
tʰ
|
|
|
|
kʰ
|
qʰ
|
Voiced stop
|
b
|
|
d
|
|
|
|
g
|
ɢ
|
Voiceless affricate
|
|
|
t͡s
|
t͡ʂ
|
t͡ʃ
|
t͡ɕ
|
|
|
Aspirative affricate
|
|
|
t͡sʰ
|
t͡ʂʰ
|
t͡ʃʰ
|
t͡ɕʰ
|
|
|
Voiced affricate
|
|
|
d͡z
|
d͡ʐ
|
d͡ʒ
|
d͡ʑ
|
|
|
Voiceless fricative
|
|
f
|
s
|
ʂ
|
|
ɕ
|
x
|
χ
|
Voiced fricative
|
|
|
z
|
ʐ
|
|
ʑ
|
ɣ
|
ʁ
|
Nasal
|
m
|
|
n
|
|
|
ɲ
|
ŋ
|
|
Lateral
|
|
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
|
Semivowel
|
w, ɥ
|
|
|
|
|
j
|
|
|
- Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1-71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Chang, Kun. 1967. A comparative study of the Southern Ch'iang dialects. Monumenta Serica, XXVI:422 - 443.
- Evans, Jonathan P. 2001a. Introduction to Qiang Lexicon and Phonology: Synchrony and Diachrony. Tokyo:ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).