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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053902/http://www.nla.gov.pk/ National Language Authority (Urdu), Pakistan (muqtadera qaumi zaban)]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hindustani language| ]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 8th century]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
=ภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณ (ปรับปรุง)=
{{Infobox language
| name = Old Persian
| nativename = 𐎠𐎼𐎹 ''Ariya''
| region = [[History of Iran#Classical antiquity|Ancient Iran]]
| era = Evolved into [[Middle Persian]] by {{c.|300}} BCE
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]]
| fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern]]
| script = [[Old Persian cuneiform]]
| iso2 = peo
| iso3 = peo
| linglist = peo
| notice = IPA
| glotto = oldp1254
| glottorefname = Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)
}}
'''Old Persian''' is one of the two directly attested [[Old Iranian languages]] (the other being [[Avestan language|Avestan]]) and is the ancestor of [[Middle Persian]] (the language of [[Sasanian Empire]]). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as '''''ariya''''' (Iranian).'''<ref name="Gershevitch"><sup>''cf.''</sup> {{Cite book|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I|last=Gershevitch|first=Ilya|publisher=Brill|year=1968|location=Leiden|pages=1–31|chapter=Old Iranian Literature}}, p. 2.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherardo|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|year=2006|volume=13|location=New York|chapter=Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period|quote=... in the Old Persian version, whose language was called "Iranian" or ''ariya''.|author-link=Gherardo Gnoli|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period}}</ref>'''
Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, [[clay tablet]]s and [[seal (device)|seal]]s of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now [[Iran]], [[Romania]] ([[Gherla]]),{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} [[Armenia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]] and [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm |title=Old Persian Texts |work=Avesta – Zoroastrian Archives}}</ref><ref>Kent, R. G. (1950) "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", p. 6. American Oriental Society.</ref> with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the [[Behistun Inscription]] (dated to 525 BCE).
Recent research (2007) into the vast [[Persepolis Fortification Archive]] at the Oriental Institute at the [[University of Chicago]] unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought |date=June 15, 2007 |publisher=University of Chicago News Office |access-date=September 11, 2010 |url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070615.oldpersian.shtml}}</ref>
==Origin and overview==
As a [[written language]], Old Persian is attested in royal [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] inscriptions. It is an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] and as such a member of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the [[Behistun Inscription]]s.{{sfn|Schmitt|2008|pp=80–81}} Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which are attested in original texts.{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.}}
The oldest date of use of Old Persian as a spoken language is not precisely known. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in [[Fars Province|Southwestern Iran]] (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called ''Parsuwash'', who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings.{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.}} Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, ''Parsuwash'' (along with ''Matai'', presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of [[Lake Urmia]] in the records of [[Shalmaneser III]].{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(1). Earliest Evidence}} The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian ''pārsa'' itself coming directly from the older word ''*pārćwa''.{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(1). Earliest Evidence}} Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, [[Median language|Median]], according to [[Prods Oktor Skjaervo|P. O. Skjærvø]] it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the Achaemenid Empire and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006|loc=vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.}}
==Classification==
{{Main|Iranian languages#Proto-Iranian and Old Iranian_languages|l1=Old Iranian languages}}
Old Persian belongs to the [[Iranian languages|Iranian language family]] which is a branch of the [[Indo-Iranian language]] family, itself within the large family of [[Indo-European languages]]. The common [[Proto-Indo-Iranians|ancestors of Indo-Iranians]] came from Central Asia sometime in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The extinct and unattested [[Median language]] is another Old Iranian language related to Old Persian (for example, both are classified as [[Western Iranian languages]] and many Median names appeared in Old Persian texts){{sfn|Schmitt|2008|p=76}} The group of Old Iranian languages was presumably a large group; however knowledge of it is restricted mainly to Old Persian, Avestan and Median. The former are the only languages in that group which have left written original texts while Median is known mostly from [[loanword]]s in Old Persian.{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006}}
==Language evolution==
By the 4th century BCE, the late Achaemenid period, the inscriptions of [[Artaxerxes II]] and [[Artaxerxes III]] differ enough from the language of Darius' inscriptions to be called a "pre-Middle Persian," or "post-Old Persian."{{sfn|Skjærvø|2005}} Old Persian subsequently evolved into [[Middle Persian]], which is in turn the ancestor of [[New Persian]].
Professor [[Gilbert Lazard]], a famous Iranologist and the author of the book ''Persian Grammar'' states:<ref>{{cite book |author=Lazard, Gilbert |year=1975 |chapter=The Rise of the New Persian Language |editor=Frye, R. N. |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |pages=595–632 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
<blockquote>The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as [[Avestan]], [[Parthia]]n, [[Soghdian]], [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], etc., Old, [[Middle Persian|Middle]] and [[Persian language|New Persian]] represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in [[Fars Province|Fars]] and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.</blockquote>
Middle Persian, also sometimes called Pahlavi, is a direct continuation of Old Persian and was used as the written official language of the country.<ref name="Ulrich">{{cite book |author1=Ulrich Ammon |author2=Norbert Dittmar |author3=Klaus J. Mattheier |author4=Peter Trudgill |series=Sociolinguistics |volume=3 |title=An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2006 |edition=2nd |page=1912 |quote=Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bo Utas |chapter=Semitic on Iranian |title=Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic |editor1=Éva Ágnes Csató |editor2=Bo Isaksson |editor3=Carina Jahani |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=71 |quote=As already mentioned, it is not likely that the scribes of Sassanian chanceries had any idea about the Old Persian cuneiform writing and the language couched in it. Still, the Middle Persian language that appeared in the third century AD may be seen as a continuation of Old Persian}}</ref> Comparison of the evolution at each stage of the language shows great simplification in grammar and syntax. However, [[Modern Persian|New Persian]] is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian.{{sfn|Skjærvø|2006}}
ในช่วงพุทธศตวรรษที่ 9 ช่วงราชวงศ์อะแคมินิดตอนปลาย จารึกของอาร์ทาเซอร์เซสที่ 2 และที่ 3 มีความแตกต่างจากภาษาที่พบในจารึกของพระเจ้าดาริอุสมหาราชมากพอที่จะเรียกภาษาก่อนเปอร์เซียกลาง หรือภาษาหลังเปอร์เซียโบราณ ภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณนี้ ต่อมาจะพัฒนาไปเป็นภาษาเปอร์เซียกลาง และจะไปเป็นภาษาเปอร์เซียใหม่อีกทอดหนึ่ง ศาสตราจารย์ Gillbert Lazard นักวิชาการที่มีชื่อเสียงทางด้าน[[วิทยาอิหร่าน]]และเป็นผู้เขียน[[ไวยากรณ์ภาษาเปอร์เซีย]]ได้กล่าวไว้ว่า
ภาษาที่เป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่าภาษาเปอร์เซียใหม่ซึ่งมักจะเรียกในช่วงแรกของยุคอิสลามว่าภาษาปาร์ซี-ดารีสามารถจำแนกทางภาษาศาสตร์ว่ามีความเชื่อมโยงกับภาษาเปอร์เซียกลาง ซึ่งเป็นภาษาทางราชการและทางศาสนาในอิหร่านยุคซัสซาเนียน ซึ่งมาจากภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณที่เป็นภาษาในสมัยราชวงศ์อาแคมินิดอีกต่อหนึ่ง ภาษาเปอร์เซียทั้งสามช่วงแสดงความเป็นภาษาเดียวกันอย่างต่อเนื่อง จุดกำเนิดอยู่ที่ฟาร์ และมีความแตกต่างทางด้านลักษณะและสำเนียงที่ชัดเจนจากสำเนียงอื่นๆที่พบทางอิหร่านตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือและตะวันออก
ภาษาเปอร์เซียกลางหรือบางครั้งเรียกภาษาปะห์ลาวี มีการพัฒนาโดยตรงมาจากภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณ และใช้ในการเขียนอย่างเป็นทางการของประเทศ การเปรียบเทียบพัฒนาการในแต่ละขั้นตอนของภาษาแสดงคงามเหมือนกันทางด้านไวยากรณ์และประโยค
==Notes==
{{Reflist|24em}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{citation|last=Brandenstein|first=Wilhelm|title=Handbuch des Altpersischen|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|year=1964}}
* {{citation|last=Hinz|first=Walther|title=Altpersischer Wortschatz|location=Nendeln, Liechtenstein|publisher=Kraus<!-- Reprint -->|year=1966}}
* {{cite book | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | title = Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran | publisher = C.H.Beck | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-3406093975 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye }}
* {{citation|last=Kent|first=Roland G.|title=Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon|location=New Haven|publisher=American Oriental Society|year=1953}}
* {{cite book | last = Kuhrt | first = A. | title = The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1136016943 }}
* {{citation|chapter=Iranian languages|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=7|year=1996|publisher=Mazda|location=Costa Mesa|last=Sims-Williams|first=Nicholas}}: <!-- pages= -->238-245
* {{citation|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|chapter=Altpersisch|editor=R. Schmitt|title=Compendium linguarum Iranicarum|publisher=Reichert|location=Wiesbaden|year=1989}}: <!-- pages=-->56–85
* {{cite book | last = Schmitt | first = Rüdiger | title = The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis | publisher = Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0728603141 }}
* {{citation|last=Schmitt|first=R.|year=2008|chapter=Old Persian|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|editor=Roger D. Woodard|edition=illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521684941|pages=76–100}}
* {{citation|last=Skjærvø|first=Prods Oktor|year=2005|title=An Introduction to Old Persian|edition=2nd |location=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldPersian/opcomplete.pdf}}
* {{citation|last=Skjærvø|first=Prods Oktor|contribution=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts |contribution-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|year=2006 |volume=13|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}
* {{citation|last=Tolman|first=Herbert Cushing|title=Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and Translated with Special Reference to Their Recent Re-examination |location=New York/Cincinnati|publisher=American Book Company|year=1908}}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIfAAAAMAAJ|title=Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language|author=Edwin Lee Johnson|year=1917|publisher=American book company|series=Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu3VOxbgDNsC|title=Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language|author=Edwin Lee Johnson|year=1917|publisher=American book company|series=Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQsVAAAAYAAJ|title=Grammar of the Old Persian language: with the inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings and vocabulary|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1892 |publisher=Ginn |access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IisOAAAAIAAJ|title=A guide to the Old Persian inscriptions|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1893|publisher=American book company|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiVgAAAAMAAJ|title=Cuneiform supplement (autographed) to the author's Ancient Persian lexicon and texts: with brief historical synopsis of the language|author=Edwin Lee Johnson |editor=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1910|publisher=American Book Co.|series=Volume 7 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iRgAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ..|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=American Book Company|series=Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPlfAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ..|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=American Book Company|series=Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
<!-- -->
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AYVAAAAYAAJ|title=The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock |author=Darius I (King of Persia)|editor=Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908 |publisher=Vanderbilt University|edition=reprint|series=Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies ATLA monograph preservation program Volume 3384 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program |isbn=9780790531892|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7JFAQAAIAAJ|title=The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock |author=Darius I (King of Persia)|editor=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=Vanderbilt university|series=Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies|access-date=2011-07-06}}
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* {{cite web |last=Harvey|first=Scott L.|last2=Slocum|first2=Jonathan |title=Series Introduction |work=Old Iranian Online|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin Linguistics Research Center |url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol}}
* {{citation|chapter=Cases in Iranian languages and dialects|year=1995|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=5|pages=25–37|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|last=Windfuhr|first=Gernot L.|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104230552/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|archive-date=2007-11-04}}
* {{cite journal |title=From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification |year=2007|journal=Arta|volume=1 |last=Stolper |first=Matthew W. |last2=Tavernier |first2=Jan}}
* {{cite web |title=An Old Persian text in the Persepolis Fortification Archive |date=June 18, 2007 |others=Posted by Chuck Jones |url=http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/2007/06/old-persian-text-in-persepolis.html |work=Persepolis Fortification Archive Project}}
* {{Citation |last=Asatrian |first=Garnik| title= Etymological Dictionary of Persian| series= [[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12]] |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2010 |isbn= 978-90-04-18341-4| url=<!--broken or incorrect link: http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=24857-->}}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Old Persian language| ]]
[[Category:History of the Persian language]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 6th century BC]]
[[Category:Languages of ancient Anatolia|Persian]]
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