ผู้ใช้:Waniosa Amedestir/ทดลองเขียน 3

มัสยิดอิบรอฮีม อัลอิบรอฮีม แก้

มัสยิดอิบรอฮีม อัลอิบรอฮีม
 
ศาสนา
ศาสนาอิสลาม
ที่ตั้ง
ที่ตั้งยิบรอลตาร์
พิกัดภูมิศาสตร์36°06′43.3″N 5°20′44.2″W / 36.112028°N 5.345611°W / 36.112028; -5.345611
สถาปัตยกรรม
ประเภทมัสยิด
เริ่มก่อตั้ง8 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1997

มัสยิดอิบรอฮีม อัลอิบรอฮีม (อังกฤษ: Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque) มีอีกชื่อว่า มัสยิดสมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีฟะฮัด บิน อับดุลอะซีซ อาล ซะอูด หรือ มัสยิดผู้อารักขามัสยิดศักดิ์สิทธิ์ทั้งสอง เป็นมัสยิดในบริเวณEuropa Pointที่British overseas territoryยิบรอลตาร์, a peninsula connected to southern Spain. The mosque faces south towards the Strait of Gibraltar and Morocco several kilometres away.

การก่อสร้าง แก้

The building was a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and took two years to build at a cost of around £5 million. It was officially inaugurated on 8 August 1997.[1]

It is the southernmost mosque in continental Europe, and is one of the largest mosques in a non-Muslim country.[2]

Complex แก้

The mosque complex also contains a school, library, and lecture hall. It is the only purpose-built mosque in Gibraltar to serve the Muslims in the territory who number over 1,000: around 4% of Gibraltar's total population.[3][4]

อ้างอิง แก้

  1. DiscoverGibraltar.com – Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque เก็บถาวร 2012-06-26 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
  2. McGuire, Kelly J. "The Essential Gibraltar". Lifted Magazine. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 13 July 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 November 2010.
  3. "Census of Gibraltar 2001" (PDF). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ September 27, 2007.
  4. "Gibraltar - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov.


มัสยิดตืร์กเมนบาชือรูฮือ แก้

Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque
ศาสนา
ศาสนาIslam
สถานะActive
ที่ตั้ง
ที่ตั้งGypjak, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
สถาปัตยกรรม
ประเภทmosque
รูปแบบIslamic
เสร็จสมบูรณ์2004
ความจุ10,000 people[1]

Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque or Gypjak Mosque[a] (เติร์กเมน: Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Metjidi / Tүркменбaшы Рухы Mетҗиди) is a mosque in Gypjak, Turkmenistan and the resting place for Saparmurat Niyazov, the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 to 2006.[2] The mosque is located about 7 กิโลเมตร (4.3 ไมล์) west of the capital, Ashgabat, on the M37 highway.

Overview แก้

The mosque, constructed by the French company Bouygues, was built in the home town of President Saparmurat Niyazov. It opened on October 22, 2004 and was built by Niyazov with a mausoleum in preparation for his death. Niyazov died two years later, and was buried in the mausoleum on December 24, 2006.

The mosque has been at the center of controversy as scriptures from both the Quran and the Ruhnama (The Book of the Soul), Niyazov's 'pseudo-spiritual guide to life' are built into the walls. It has outraged many Muslims that the Ruhnama is placed as the Koran's equal. Indeed, despite its capacity to accommodate 10,000 congregants, the mosque is often empty as the Ruhnama inscriptions are considered blasphemous by devout mosquegoers.[3][4]

See also แก้

Notes แก้

  1. Also spelled Kipchak Mosque.

References แก้

  1. Corley, Felix (4 January 2005). "TURKMENISTAN: 2004, the year of demolished mosques". Forum 18 News Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 May 2012.
  2. Koch, Natalie (3 October 2016). "The "Personality Cult" Problematic: Personalism and Mosques Memorializing the "Father of the Nation" in Turkmenistan and the UAE". Central Asian Affairs. 3 (4): 330–359 – โดยทาง Brill.
  3. Door to the Kipchak Mosque เก็บถาวร 2015-04-02 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
  4. Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque Atlas Obscura (www.atlasobscura.com). Retrieved on 2019-07-05.

38°1′4″N 58°15′10″E / 38.01778°N 58.25278°E / 38.01778; 58.25278{{#coordinates:}}: ไม่สามารถมีป้ายกำกับหลักมากกว่าหนึ่งป้ายต่อหน้าได้

แม่แบบ:Mosques in Turkmenistan


แม่แบบ:Turkmenistan-mosque-stub

โอเอโยะ (ปรับปรุง) แก้


於江与

Oeyo
 
Portrait of Oeyo
เกิดOgo (小督)
1573
เสียชีวิต26 ตุลาคม ค.ศ. 1626(1626-10-26) (52–53 ปี)
Edo Castle, Musashi, Japan
คู่สมรสSaji Kazunari
Toyotomi Hidekatsu
Tokugawa Hidetada
บุพการี
ครอบครัว  Azai clan
  Toyotomi clan
  Tokugawa clan
เกียรติยศJunior First Rank (従一位, 1626)

ญี่ปุ่น: Oeyoโรมาจิ於江与, ญี่ปุ่น: โรมาจิ, ญี่ปุ่น: Ogōโรมาจิ小督 or ญี่ปุ่น: Satokoโรมาจิ達子 : 1573 – September 15, 1626) was a prominently-placed female figure in the Azuchi–Momoyama period and early Edo period. She was daughter of Oichi and the sister of Yodo-dono and Ohatsu. When she rose to higher political status during the Tokugawa shogunate, she took the title of "Ōmidaidokoro". Following the fall of the Council of Five Elders, Oeyo and her sisters were key figures in maintaining a diplomatic relationship between the two most powerful clans of their time, Toyotomi and Tokugawa. Due to her great contributions to politics at the beginning of the Edo period she was posthumously inducted into the Junior First Rank of the Imperial Court, the second highest honor that could be conferred by the Emperor of Japan.

Oeyo married three times, first to Saji Kazunari, her cousin, then to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu. She had a daughter with Hidekatsu named Toyotomi Sadako later married Kujō Yukiie. Her third and last husband Tokugawa Hidetada became the second Tokugawa shōgun. She was also the mother of his successor Iemitsu, the third shōgun. She had Senhime, Tamahime, Katsuhime, Hatsuhime, Takechiyo (Iemitsu), and Tadanaga. Hatsuhime was adopted by Oeyo's sister Ohatsu, who is the wife of Kyōgoku Takatsugu.

Surviving record books from merchants of luxury goods provide insight into patterns of patronage and taste amongst the privileged class of women like Oeyo and her sisters.[1]

Genealogy แก้

Oeyo, also known as Ogō, was the third and youngest daughter of the Sengoku-period daimyō Azai Nagamasa. Her mother, Oichi was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga.[2] Toyotomi Hideyoshi became the adoptive father and protector of Oeyo in the period before her marriage.[3]

Oeyo's oldest sister, styled Yodo-dono, Cha-Cha in birth name, was a prominent concubine of Hideyoshi who gave birth to his heir, Toyotomi Hideyori.[2]

Oeyo's middle sister, Ohatsu was the wife of Kyōgoku Takatsugu and the mother of Kyōgoku Tadataka.[2]

Family แก้

by Hidekatsu แก้

by Hidetada แก้

Burial แก้

After Hidetada resigned the government to his eldest son in 1623, Oeyo took a Buddhist name, ญี่ปุ่น: Sūgen'inโรมาจิ崇源院 or Sogenin. Her mausoleum can be found at Zōjō-ji in the Shiba neighborhood of Tokyo.[4]

 
Mausoleum of Sugenin taken in Meiji Era

Honours แก้

Taiga drama แก้

NHK's 2011 Taiga drama, Gō: Himetachi no Sengoku, is based on the life of Oeyo who is played by the actress Juri Ueno.[5][6]

Notes แก้

บรรณานุกรม แก้

ภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณ (ปรับปรุง) แก้

Old Persian
𐎠𐎼𐎹 Ariya
ภูมิภาคAncient Iran
ยุคEvolved into Middle Persian by ป. 300 BCE
ตระกูลภาษา
ระบบการเขียนOld Persian cuneiform
รหัสภาษา
ISO 639-2peo
ISO 639-3peo
นักภาษาศาสตร์peo
บทความนี้มีสัญลักษณ์สัทอักษรสากล หากระบบของคุณไม่รองรับการแสดงผลที่ถูกต้อง คุณอาจเห็นปรัศนี กล่อง หรือสัญลักษณ์อย่างอื่นแทนที่อักขระยูนิโคด

Old Persian is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as ariya (Iranian).[1][2]

Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets and seals of the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now Iran, Romania (Gherla),[3][4][5] Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt,[6][7] with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the Behistun Inscription (dated to 525 BCE).

Recent research (2007) into the vast Persepolis Fortification Archive at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.[8]

Origin and overview แก้

As a written language, Old Persian is attested in royal Achaemenid inscriptions. It is an Iranian language and as such a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscriptions.[9] Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which are attested in original texts.[10]

The oldest date of use of Old Persian as a spoken language is not precisely known. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in Southwestern Iran (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash, who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings.[10] Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, Parsuwash (along with Matai, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of Lake Urmia in the records of Shalmaneser III.[11] The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian pārsa itself coming directly from the older word *pārćwa.[11] Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, Median, according to P. O. Skjærvø it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the Achaemenid Empire and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.[10]

Classification แก้

Old Persian belongs to the Iranian language family which is a branch of the Indo-Iranian language family, itself within the large family of Indo-European languages. The common ancestors of Indo-Iranians came from Central Asia sometime in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The extinct and unattested Median language is another Old Iranian language related to Old Persian (for example, both are classified as Western Iranian languages and many Median names appeared in Old Persian texts)[12] The group of Old Iranian languages was presumably a large group; however knowledge of it is restricted mainly to Old Persian, Avestan and Median. The former are the only languages in that group which have left written original texts while Median is known mostly from loanwords in Old Persian.[13]

Language evolution แก้

By the 4th century BCE, the late Achaemenid period, the inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III differ enough from the language of Darius' inscriptions to be called a "pre-Middle Persian," or "post-Old Persian."[14] Old Persian subsequently evolved into Middle Persian, which is in turn the ancestor of New Persian. Professor Gilbert Lazard, a famous Iranologist and the author of the book Persian Grammar states:[15]

The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Pashto, etc., Old, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.

Middle Persian, also sometimes called Pahlavi, is a direct continuation of Old Persian and was used as the written official language of the country.[16][17] Comparison of the evolution at each stage of the language shows great simplification in grammar and syntax. However, New Persian is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian.[13]

ในช่วงพุทธศตวรรษที่ 9 ช่วงราชวงศ์อะแคมินิดตอนปลาย จารึกของอาร์ทาเซอร์เซสที่ 2 และที่ 3 มีความแตกต่างจากภาษาที่พบในจารึกของพระเจ้าดาริอุสมหาราชมากพอที่จะเรียกภาษาก่อนเปอร์เซียกลาง หรือภาษาหลังเปอร์เซียโบราณ ภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณนี้ ต่อมาจะพัฒนาไปเป็นภาษาเปอร์เซียกลาง และจะไปเป็นภาษาเปอร์เซียใหม่อีกทอดหนึ่ง ศาสตราจารย์ Gillbert Lazard นักวิชาการที่มีชื่อเสียงทางด้านวิทยาอิหร่านและเป็นผู้เขียนไวยากรณ์ภาษาเปอร์เซียได้กล่าวไว้ว่า

ภาษาที่เป็นที่รู้จักในปัจจุบันว่าภาษาเปอร์เซียใหม่ซึ่งมักจะเรียกในช่วงแรกของยุคอิสลามว่าภาษาปาร์ซี-ดารีสามารถจำแนกทางภาษาศาสตร์ว่ามีความเชื่อมโยงกับภาษาเปอร์เซียกลาง ซึ่งเป็นภาษาทางราชการและทางศาสนาในอิหร่านยุคซัสซาเนียน ซึ่งมาจากภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณที่เป็นภาษาในสมัยราชวงศ์อาแคมินิดอีกต่อหนึ่ง ภาษาเปอร์เซียทั้งสามช่วงแสดงความเป็นภาษาเดียวกันอย่างต่อเนื่อง จุดกำเนิดอยู่ที่ฟาร์ และมีความแตกต่างทางด้านลักษณะและสำเนียงที่ชัดเจนจากสำเนียงอื่นๆที่พบทางอิหร่านตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือและตะวันออก

ภาษาเปอร์เซียกลางหรือบางครั้งเรียกภาษาปะห์ลาวี มีการพัฒนาโดยตรงมาจากภาษาเปอร์เซียโบราณ และใช้ในการเขียนอย่างเป็นทางการของประเทศ การเปรียบเทียบพัฒนาการในแต่ละขั้นตอนของภาษาแสดงคงามเหมือนกันทางด้านไวยากรณ์และประโยค


Notes แก้

  1. cf. Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature". Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–31., p. 2.
  2. Gnoli, Gherardo (2006). "Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 13. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ... in the Old Persian version, whose language was called "Iranian" or ariya.
  3. Kuhrt 2013, p. 197.
  4. Frye 1984, p. 103.
  5. Schmitt 2000, p. 53.
  6. "Old Persian Texts". Avesta – Zoroastrian Archives.
  7. Kent, R. G. (1950) "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", p. 6. American Oriental Society.
  8. "Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought". University of Chicago News Office. June 15, 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 11, 2010.
  9. Schmitt 2008, pp. 80–81.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Skjærvø 2006, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian..
  11. 11.0 11.1 Skjærvø 2006, vi(1). Earliest Evidence.
  12. Schmitt 2008, p. 76.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Skjærvø 2006.
  14. Skjærvø 2005.
  15. Lazard, Gilbert (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". ใน Frye, R. N. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–632.
  16. Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (2006). An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Sociolinguistics. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912. Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian.
  17. Bo Utas (2005). "Semitic on Iranian". ใน Éva Ágnes Csató; Bo Isaksson; Carina Jahani (บ.ก.). Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic. Routledge. p. 71. As already mentioned, it is not likely that the scribes of Sassanian chanceries had any idea about the Old Persian cuneiform writing and the language couched in it. Still, the Middle Persian language that appeared in the third century AD may be seen as a continuation of Old Persian

Bibliography แก้

  • Brandenstein, Wilhelm (1964), Handbuch des Altpersischen, Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz
  • Hinz, Walther (1966), Altpersischer Wortschatz, Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran. C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3406093975.
  • Kent, Roland G. (1953), Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society
  • Kuhrt, A. (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136016943.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996), "Iranian languages", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 7, Costa Mesa: Mazda: 238-245
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989), "Altpersisch", ใน R. Schmitt (บ.ก.), Compendium linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert: 56–85
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies. ISBN 978-0728603141.
  • Schmitt, R. (2008), "Old Persian", ใน Roger D. Woodard (บ.ก.), The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 76–100, ISBN 978-0521684941
  • Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2005), An Introduction to Old Persian (PDF) (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Harvard
  • Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006), "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 13
  • Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1908), Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and Translated with Special Reference to Their Recent Re-examination, New York/Cincinnati: American Book Company

อ่านเพิ่ม แก้

ชินตาโร อิชิฮาระ แก้

Shintarō Ishihara
石原 慎太郎
 
Shintaro Ishihara in 2009
Governor of Tokyo
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
23 April 1999 – 31 October 2012
ก่อนหน้าYukio Aoshima
ถัดไปNaoki Inose
Minister of Transport
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
6 November 1987 – 27 November 1988
นายกรัฐมนตรีNoboru Takeshita
ก่อนหน้าRyūtarō Hashimoto
ถัดไปShinji Satō
Director General of the Environment Agency
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
24 December 1976 – 28 November 1977
นายกรัฐมนตรีTakeo Fukuda
ก่อนหน้าShigesada Marumo
ถัดไปHisanari Yamada
Member of the House of Councillors
for National Block
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
8 July 1968 – 25 November 1972
Member of the House of Representatives
for Tokyo 2nd district
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
10 December 1972 – 18 March 1975
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
10 December 1976 – 14 April 1955
Member of the House of Representatives
for Tokyo PR Block
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
11 December 2012 – 21 November 2014
ก่อนหน้าIchirō Kamoshita
ถัดไปAkihisa Nagashima
ข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล
เกิด (1932-09-30) 30 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1932 (91 ปี)
Suma-ku, Kobe, Empire of Japan
พรรคการเมืองLiberal Democratic (1968–1973, 1976–1995)
Independent (1973–1976, 1995–2012)
Sunrise (2012)
Japan Restoration (2012–2014)
Future Generations (2014–2015)
ศิษย์เก่าHitotsubashi University
วิชาชีพNovelist, author

ญี่ปุ่น: Shintaro Ishiharaโรมาจิ石原 慎太郎ทับศัพท์: Ishihara Shintarō; born 30 September 1932 is a Japanese politician, writer and former actor who was Governor of Tokyo from 1999 to 2012. Being the former leader of the radical right Japan Restoration Party,[1] he is one of the most prominent nationalists in modern Japanese politics.[2][3] He is infamous for his racist remarks, xenophobic views and hatred for the Chinese Communist Party.[4][5]

After an early career as a writer and film director, Ishihara served in the House of Councillors from 1968 to 1972, in the House of Representatives from 1972 to 1995, and as Governor of Tokyo from 1999 to 2012. He resigned from the governorship to briefly co-lead the Sunrise Party, then joined the Japan Restoration Party and returned to the House of Representatives in the 2012 general election.[6] He unsuccessfully sought re-election in the general election of November 2014, and officially left politics the following month.[7]

References แก้

  1. Rydgren, Jens (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford University Press. pp. 772–773. ISBN 978-0190274559. สืบค้นเมื่อ August 2, 2020.
  2. Michiyo Nakamoto; Mure Dickie (21 March 2012). "China protests spur Japanese nationalists". Financial Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 July 2021.
  3. The Associated Press (17 November 2012). "Ex-Tokyo governor, mayor form own party for national election". CTV News. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 July 2021.
  4. Mizuho Aoki (16 December 2014). "Controversial to the end, Shintaro Ishihara bows out of politics". The Japan Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 July 2021.
  5. Kyodo (10 March 2001). "Ishihara slammed for racist remarks". The Japan Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 July 2021.
  6. "Ex-Tokyo Gov. Ishihara set to secure lower house seat". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 19 January 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (ลิงก์). Japan Times. 16 December 2012
  7. 引退会見詳報 [Full Report of Retirement Press Conference] (ภาษาญี่ปุ่น). 16 December 2014. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 12 October 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 January 2016.

External links แก้

พงศาวลีฟูจิวาระ (Fujiwara family tree) แก้

This is a genealogical tree of the leaders of the Fujiwara clan from 669 to 1871, who were otherwise known as the ญี่ปุ่น: Tōshi no Chōjaโรมาจิ藤氏長者.[1][2][3]

The title, Tōshi no Chōja, was abolished with Sesshō and Kampaku during the Meiji Restoration; the family leaders from five main branches of the clan, known as the Five regent houses, were then respectively granted with hereditary peerage titles (the kazoku)[4] until the abolition of the nobility titles under the new constitution in 1946.[5]

Family Tree แก้

AdoptionImperial House[หมายเหตุ 1]other family
members
Nakatomi no Katanoko[6]
Nakatomi no Mikeko[6]Nakatomi no Kuniko[6]
(614-669)
Fujiwara no Kamatari[7]
669
Nakatomi no Kunitari[8]
(659-720)
Fujiwara no Fuhito[9]
698-720
Tone no Iratsume[10](?-711)
Nakatomi no Omimaro[11]
669-698
(680-737)
Fujiwara no Muchimaro[9]
737
(681-737)
Fujiwara no Fusasaki[9]
720-737
(694-737)
Fujiwara no Umakai[9]
(704-766)
Fujiwara no Toyonari[12]
737-757
764-766
(706-764)
Fujiwara no Nakamaro[12]
757-764
Fujiwara no Otomaro[13](714-771)
Fujiwara no Nagate[14]
766-771
(715-766)
Fujiwara no Matate[13]
(721-783)
Fujiwara no Uona[15]
778-782
(723-776)
Fujiwara no Kaedemaro[16]
(716-777)
Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu[17]
771-777
(722-783)
Fujiwara no Tamaro[18]
782-793
(732-779)
Fujiwara no Momokawa[19]
(727-796)
Fujiwara no Tsuginawa[11]
789-796
(727-789)
Fujiwara no Korekimi[20]
783-789
(756-812)
Fujiwara no Uchimaro[21]
796-812
(756-819)
Fujiwara no Sonohito[11]
812-818
(774-843)
Fujiwara no Otsugu[11]
826-843
(775-826)
Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu[22]
818-826
(802-826)
Fujiwara no Nagara[7]
(804-872)
Fujiwara no Yoshifusa[7]
826-872
(823-900)
Fujiwara no Yoshiyo[23]
891-897
(836-891)
Fujiwara no Mototsune[24]
872-891
(871-909)
Fujiwara no Tokihira[11][25]
897-909
(880-949)
Fujiwara no Tadahira[11]
909-949
900-970
Fujiwara no Saneyori[11]
949-970
909-960
Fujiwara no Morosuke[11]
(924-989)
Fujiwara no Yoritada[26]
972-974
977-986
(924-972)
Fujiwara no Koretada[11]
970-972
(925-977)
Fujiwara no Kanemichi[11][27]
974-977
(929-990)
Fujiwara no Kaneie[11][26]
986-990
(953-995)
Fujiwara no Michitaka[28][29]
990-995
(961-995)
Fujiwara no Michikane[29]
995
(966-1028)
Fujiwara no Michinaga[30]
995-1017
(992-1074)
Fujiwara no Yorimichi[31][32]
1017-1064
(996-1075)
Fujiwara no Norimichi[33]
1064-1075
(1042-1101)
Fujiwara no Morozane[34]
1075-1094
(1062-1099)
Fujiwara no Moromichi[35]
1094-1098
(1075-1162)
Fujiwara no Tadazane[36]
1098-1121
(1097-1164)
Fujiwara no Tadamichi[37]
1121-1150
1156-1158
(1120-1156)
Fujiwara no Yorinaga[38]
1150-1156
Konoe
Family
Matsudono
Family
Kujō
Family
(1143-1166)
Konoe Motozane[39]
1157-1166
(1144?-1231)
Matsudono Motofusa[40]
1166-1179
(1149-1207)
Kujō Kanezane[37][39]
1186-1196
(1160-1233)
Konoe Motomichi[23][41]
1179-1183
1184-1186
1196-1202
(1172-1238)
Matsudono Moroie[40]
1183-1184
(1169-1206)
Kujō Yoshitsune[42]
1202-1206
(1179-1242)
Konoe Iezane[41]
1206-1221
1221-1228
(1193-1252)
Kujō Michiie[42]
1221
1228-1231
1235-1237
Takatsukasa
Family
Nijō
Family
Ichijō
Family
(1210-1259)
Konoe Kanetsune[43]
1237-1242
1247-1252
(1228-1294)
Takatsukasa Kanehira[44]
1252-1261
1275-1287
(1211-1235)
Kujō Norizane[45]
1231-1235
(1216-1271)
Nijō Yoshizane[46]
1246-1247
1265-1267
(1223-1284)
Ichijō Sanetsune[47]
1242-1246
1261-1265
(1246-1268)
Konoe Motohira[43]
1267-1268
(1247-1313)
Takatsukasa Mototada[48]
1268-1273
(1262-1301)
Takatsukasa Kanetada[48]
1296-1299
(1229-1275)
Kujō Tadaie[45]
1273-1274
(1254-1341)
Nijō Morotada[49]
1287-1289
(1267-1334)
Nijō Kanemoto[49]
1299-1305
(1248-1294)
Ichijō Ietsune[50]
1274-1275
(1261-1296)
Konoe Iemoto[43]
1289-1291
1293-1296
(1275-1327)
Takatsukasa Fuyuhira[48]
1308-1313
1324-1327
(1305-1337)
Takatsukasa Fuyunori[48]
1330-1333
(1248-1332)
Kujō Tadanori[45]
1291-1293
(1287-1335)
Nijō Michihira[51]
1316-1318
1327-1330
1333-1334
(1276-1305)
Ichijō Uchisane[50]
(1282-1324)
Konoe Iehira[52]
1313-1315
(1287-1318)
Konoe Tsunehira[52]
(1311-1353)
Takatsukasa Morohira[48]
1342-1346
(1273-1320)
Kujō Moronori[45]
1305-1308
(1290-1327)
Kujō Fusazane[45]
1323-1324
(1320-1388)
Nijō Yoshimoto[51]
1346-1358
1363-1367
1382-1387
1388
(1331-1400)
Kujō Tsunenori[45]
1358-1361
(1291-1325)
Ichijō Uchitsune[53]
1318-1325
(1302-1352)
Konoe Tsunetada[52]
1320
1334-1337
(1305-1354)
Konoe Mototsugu[52]
1337-1338
(1331-1386)
Takatsukasa Fuyumichi[48]
1367-1369
(1315-1349)
Kujō Michinori[45]
1342
(1345-1382)
Nijō Moroyoshi[51]
1369-1375
(1356-1400)
Nijō Morotsugu[51]
1379-1382
1388-1394
1398-1399
(1358-1418)
Ichijō Tsunetsugu[53]
1394-1398
1399-1408
1410-1418
(1345-1398)
Kujō Tadamoto[45]
1375-1379
(1394-1449)
Kujō Mitsuie[33][54]
1418-1424
(1317-1365)
Ichijō Tsunemichi[53]
1338-1342
(1333-1387)
Konoe Michitsugu[52]
1361-1363
(1331-1386)
Takatsukasa Fuyuie[48]
(1383-1411)
Nijō Mitsumoto[51][55]
1409-1410
(1390-1445)
Nijō Mochimoto[51]
1424-1432
1432-1445
(1402-1481)
Ichijō Kaneyoshi[53]
1432
1447-1453
1467-1470
(1440-1488)
Kujō Masatada[54]
1487-1488
(1445-1516)
Kujō Masamoto[54]
1476-1479
(1360-1388)
Konoe Kanetsugu[52]
1387-1388
(1408-1472)
Takatsukasa Fusahira[56]
1454-1455
(1416-1493)
Nijō Mochimichi[57]
1455-1458
1463-1467
(1423-1480)
Ichijō Norifusa[58]
1458-1463
(1464-1514)
Ichijō Fuyuyoshi[58]
1488-1493
1497-1501
(1469-1530)
Kujō Hisatsune[54]
1501-1513
(1383-1454)
Konoe Tadatsugu[52]
1408-1409
(1445-1517)
Takatsukasa Masahira[56]
1483-1487
(1443-1480)
Nijō Masatsugu[57]
1470-1476
(1475-1539)
Ichijō Fusaie[58]
(1507-1594)
Kujō Tanemichi[54]
1533-1534
(1402-1488)
Konoe Fusatsugu[52]
1445-1447
(1480-1552)
Takatsukasa Kanesuke[56]
1514-1518
(1471-1497)
Nijō Hisamoto[57]
1497
(1509-1556)
Ichijō Fusamichi[58]
1545-1548
(1444-1505)
Konoe Masaie[52]
1479-1483
(1509-1546)
Takatsukasa Tadafuyu[56]
1542-1545
(1496-1551)
Nijō Tadafusa[57]
1518-1525
1534-1536
(1529-1554)
Ichijō Kanefuyu[58]
1553-1554
(1548-1611)
Ichijo Uchimoto[58]
1581-1584
(1472-1544)
Konoe Hisamichi[52]
1493-1497
1513-1514
(1526-1579)
Nijō Haruyoshi[57]
1548-1453
(1502-1566)
Konoe Taneie[52]
1525-1533
1536-1542
(1553-1636)
Kujō Kanetaka[33]
1578-1581
1600-1604
(1556-1619)
Nijō Akizane[57]
1584-1585
1615-1619
(1565-1658)
Takatsukasa Nobufusa[33]
1606-1608
(1536-1612)
Konoe Sakihisa[52][59]
1554-1568
(1586-1665)
Kujō Yukiie[60]
1608-1612
1619-1623
(1590-1621)
Takatsukasa Nobuhisa[61]
1612-1615
(1565-1614)
Konoe Nobutada[62]
1605-1606
(1575-1630)
Konoe Sakiko[63]
(1571-1617)
Emperor Go-Yōzei[64]
(1607-1666)
Nijō Yasumichi[33]
1635-1647
(1609-1647)
Kujō Michifusa[33]
1647
(1609-1668)
Takatsukasa Norihira[65]
(1596-1680)
Emperor Go-Mizunoo[66]
(1599-1649)
Konoe Nobuhiro[64]
1623-1629
(1605-1672)
Ichijō Akiyoshi[67]
1629-1647
1647-1651
(1625-1682)
Nijō Mitsuhira[33]
1653-1664
(1637-1700)
Takatsukasa Fusasuke[65]
1664-1682
(1641-1677)
Kujō Kaneharu[33]
(1654-1732)
Emperor Reigen[64]
(1622-1653)
Konoe Hisatsugu[68]
1623-1629
(1633-1707)
Ichijō Norisuke[69]
(1660-1725)
Takatsukasa Kanehiro[70]
1703-1707
(1693-1751)
Ichijō Kaneyoshi[71]
1737-1746
(1669-1730)
Kujō Suketsugu[60]
1711-1722
(1672-1732)
Nijō Tsunahira[72]
1722-1726
(1675-1710)
Emperor Higashiyama[64]
(1648-1722)
Konoe Motohiro[73]
1690-1703
(1652-1705)
Ichijō Kaneteru[74]
1682-1690
(1722-1769)
Ichijō Michika[75]
1746-1757
(1700-1728)
Kujō Yukinori[76]
(1717-1787)
Kujō Naozane[76]
1778-1787
(1689-1737)
Nijō Yoshitada[76]
1736-1737
(1704-1753)
Prince Kan'in Naohito[77]
(1667-1736)
Konoe Iehiro[78]
1707-1711
(1756-1795)
Ichijō Teruyoshi[76]
1791-1795
(1727-1754)
Nijō Munemoto[76]
(1737-1813)
Takatsukasa Sukehira[65]
1787-1791
(1687-1737)
Konoe Iehisa[73]
1726-1736
(1774-1837)
Ichijō Tadayoshi[79]
1814-1823
(1754-1826)
Nijō Harutaka[76]
(1761-1841)
Takatsukasa Masahiro[65]
1795-1814
(1728-1785)
Konoe Uchisaki[80]
1757-1778
(1788-1848)
Nijō Narinobu[76]
(1798-1871)
Kujō Hisatada[81]
1856-1862
(1789-1868)
Takatsukasa Masamichi[65]
1823-1856
(1761-1799)
Konoe Tsunehiro[82]
(1816-1878)
Nijō Nariyuki[83]
1864-1867
(1839-1906)
Kujō Michitaka[84]
1868-1871
(1807-1878)
Takatsukasa Sukehiro[60]
1863
(1783-1820)
Konoe Motosaki[82]
(1808-1898)
Konoe Tadahiro[85]
1862-1863

See also แก้

Notes แก้

  1. 1.0 1.1 During the Edo period, some of the former royal members from Imperial House of Japan were adopted as heir to the Five regent houses. Despite having a different patrilineal descent with that of the Fujiwara clan, they and their descendants were recognized as members from Fujiwara clan instead of the Imperial House.[86][87][88] As such, these families are referred as "皇別摂家" in Japanese (Kōbetsu Sekke, "Imperial Regent Family").[89]

References แก้

  1. Takeuchi, Rizō (1958). 律令制と貴族政権.第2部 (ภาษาญี่ปุ่น). [] ข้อผิดพลาด: {{Lang-xx}}: ไม่มีข้อความ (ช่วยเหลือ)โรมาจิ: 御茶の水書房; ทับศัพท์: Ocha no Mizushōbō. {{cite book}}: ไม่อนุญาตให้ใช้มาร์กอัปตัวเอียงหรือตัวหนาใน: |publisher= (help)
  2. 王朝国家国政史の研究 (ภาษาญี่ปุ่น). [] ข้อผิดพลาด: {{Lang-xx}}: ไม่มีข้อความ (ช่วยเหลือ)โรมาจิ: 吉川弘文館; ทับศัพท์: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. 1987. {{cite book}}: ไม่อนุญาตให้ใช้มาร์กอัปตัวเอียงหรือตัวหนาใน: |publisher= (help)
  3. "氏長者".
  4. Asami, Masao (1999). 華族誕生-名誉と体面の明治 (ภาษาญี่ปุ่น). [] ข้อผิดพลาด: {{Lang-xx}}: ไม่มีข้อความ (ช่วยเหลือ)โรมาจิ: 中公文庫; ทับศัพท์: Chūkō Bunko. ISBN 4-12-203542-2. {{cite book}}: ไม่อนุญาตให้ใช้มาร์กอัปตัวเอียงหรือตัวหนาใน: |publisher= (help)
  5. Lebra, Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility.
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