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{{Infobox spring
| name = Kitch-iti-kipi
| other_name = Big Spring
| photo = View at Kitch-iti-kipi Spring.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = View of the ''Kitch-iti-kipi'' spring
| map = Michigan#USA<!-- or | map_image = -->
| relief =
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| map_alt = Location of the spring in Michigan.
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| location = [[Schoolcraft County, Michigan]]
| spring_source =
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{Coord|46.00412|-86.38201|type:landmark_region:US-MI|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| hot_spring_type =
| type = [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]]
| provides =
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[[File:Kitch raft.jpg|thumb|upright 1.0|right|''Kitch-iti-kipi'' viewing raft]]
[[File:Kitch-iti-kipi underwater trees.jpg|thumb|upright 1.0|right|Underwater branches]]
[[File:Sand bubbling up at Kitch-iti-kipi spring.jpg|thumb|upright 1.0|right|''Kitch-iti-kipi'' spring bubbling up sand]]
[[File:Many fish at Kitch-iti-kipi.jpg|thumb|upright 1.0|right|Fish among underwater tree branches]]
'''''Kitch-iti-kipi''''' (''"KITCH-i-tee-KI-pee"'' with short "i"s)<ref name="Hunt">{{cite news |author= |title= A Spring with a story to tell |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55291306/ |work= Detroit Free Press |page=19|location= Detroit, Michigan|date=August 30, 1999 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref> is [[Michigan]]'s largest natural freshwater [[spring (hydrology)|spring]].<ref name="Hunt"/><ref name="number">{{cite book |last1 = Madison |first1 = George |first2 = Roger N. |last2 = Lockwood |date = October 2004 |chapter = Manistique River Assessment |title = Fisheries Special Report 31 |pages = 65–72 |location = Ann Arbor |publisher = [[Michigan Department of Natural Resources]] |url = http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/special/reports/sr31/SR31_text-tables.pdf |access-date = May 12, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071220222419/http://www.michigandnr.com/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/ifr/ifrlibra/special/reports/sr31/SR31_text-tables.pdf |archive-date = December 20, 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{gnis|1619202}}</ref> The name means "big cold spring" in the [[Ojibwe language]].<ref name="Hunt" /> It is also sometimes referred to as the '''Big Spring'''.<ref name="number"/><ref name="big">{{cite web|title=Big Spring (Kitch-iti-kipi)|url=http://www.exploringthenorth.com/bigspring/spring.html|access-date=May 12, 2008|work=Exploring the North|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510152750/http://www.exploringthenorth.com/bigspring/spring.html|archive-date=May 10, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kitch-iti-kipi,'' or "Mirror of Heaven" as it is referred to today,<ref name=MirrorName>{{cite news |author= |title= Michigan |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55294147/kitch-iti-kipi-or-mirror-of-heaven/ |work= St. Louis Post-Dispatch |page= 128 |location= St. Louis, Missouri |date= June 2, 2002 |via= [[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} |access-date= July 14, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200713190437/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55294147/kitch-iti-kipi-or-mirror-of-heaven/ |archive-date= July 13, 2020 |url-status= live }}</ref> was originally given that name by the [[Ojibwe]].<ref name="big"/>
 
''Kitch-iti-kipi'' spring is one of the major tourist attractions on Michigan's [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]].<ref name="big"/> It is located in [[Thompson Township, Michigan|Thompson Township]] of [[Schoolcraft County, Michigan|Schoolcraft County]], northwest of the town of [[Manistique, Michigan|Manistique]], within [[Palms Book State Park]].<ref name="DNR">{{cite web |author = Michigan Department of Natural Resources |url = http://www.michigandnr.com/ParksandTrails/Details.aspx?id=425&type=SPRK |publisher = Michigan Department of Natural Resources |title = Palms Book State Park Detail |access-date = May 12, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092501/http://www.michigandnr.com/parksandtrails/Details.aspx?id=425&type=SPRK |archive-date = June 2, 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="books">{{cite book |last1 = DuFresne |first1 = Jim |first2 =Christine |last2 = Clifton-Thornton |year = 1998 |title = Michigan State Parks: A Complete Recreation Guide |publisher = The Mountaineers Books |location = Seattle |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d3aplnJsJnEC |access-date= May 12, 2008 |via = [[Google Books]] |isbn = 0-89886-544-1 |page = 9 }}</ref> The state of Michigan was granted the spring with accompanying land in 1926, under the condition that it be turned into a public park. The state has since acquired surrounding land and expanded the park considerably.<ref name="big"/>
==Appearance and features==
''Kitch-iti-kipi'' is an oval pool measuring {{convert|300|x|175|ft|m}} and is about {{convert|40|ft|m}} deep with an emerald green bottom.<ref name="big"/> From [[fissures]] in underlying limestone flows 10,000&nbsp;US gallons per minute (630&nbsp;l/s) of spring water throughout the year at a constant temperature of {{convert|45|°F|°C}}.<ref name="big"/><ref name="number"/>
 
Hydraulic pressure forces the groundwater to the surface. It is not known exactly where this enormous volume of water comes from. The spring's pool bowl is similar to other [[sinkhole]]s, except that it is connected with an [[aquifer]] (underground stream) to nearby Indian Lake. The small spring pool was created when the top layer of [[limestone]] dissolved away and collapsed into the cave already created by the underground water.<ref name="Hunt"/>
 
In the crystal clear waters of the spring, ancient tree trunks with mineral encrusted branches can be seen, as well as fish.<ref name="big"/> Fish species commonly present in the spring are [[lake trout]], [[brown trout]] and [[brook trout]]. On occasion, one may spot [[yellow perch]] and other species that move between Big Spring and Indian Lake.<ref name="Hunt"/>
 
The name ''Kitch-iti-kipi'' is said to have many meanings in the language of the local indigenous [[Ojibwe]] people. Some were "The Great Water", "The Blue Sky I See", and "Bubbling Spring". Other Native Americans called it "The Roaring", "Drum Water", and the "Sound of Thunder"—even though there is total silence coming from the spring.<ref name="DNR"/> A [[kaleidoscope]] effect of ever-changing shapes and forms within the spring are caused by the clouds of sand kept in constant motion by the gushing waters.<ref name="big"/>
 
==History==
The state of Michigan acquired ''Kitch-iti-kipi'' in 1926. History records that John I. Bellaire, owner of a Manistique Five and Dime store, fell in love with the black hole spring when he discovered it in the thick wilderness of Michigan's Upper Peninsula in the 1920s. It was hidden in a tangle of fallen trees and loggers were using the nearby area as a dump.<ref name="DNR" />
 
Bellaire saw its potential as a public recreation spot. He could have purchased the spring and adjoining property himself; however, he persuaded Frank Palms of the Palms Book Land Company to sell the spring and {{convert|90|acre}} to the state of Michigan for $10. The property deed requires the property "to be forever used as a public park, bearing the name Palms Book State Park."<ref name="DNR" /> The State of Michigan has since acquired adjacent land, and the park now encompasses over {{convert|300|acre}}.<ref name="big" />
 
==Raft==
A self-operated observation raft guides park visitors to vantage points overlooking the underwater features.<ref name="big"/><ref name="number"/> This raft is on a cable that is pulled across the spring pool by park visitors or by a park employee. There are viewing windows where visitors can see the fast flowing spring. Visitors can look over the side of the raft for viewing as well. The [[Michigan Department of Natural Resources]] and Michigan's [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] constructed the raft, dock, concession stand and ranger's quarters in 2003.<ref name=Renovations>{{cite news |author= |title= 'Big Spring' park gets $140,000 in renovations |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55296437/ |work= Livingston County Daily Press and Argus |page=13|location= Howell, Michigan|date=June 15, 2003 |via =[[Newspapers.com]] {{open access}} }}</ref>
 
==Native American legends==
 
There are several purported Native American legends regarding Kitch-iti-kipi. However, some sources suggest that they were made up by Bellaire himself to publicize the park.<ref name="Hunt"/><ref name="DNR"/>
 
One legend goes that ''Kitch-iti-kipi'' was a young [[chieftain]] of the area. He told his girlfriend that he loved her far more than the other dark-haired maidens dancing near his birchbark [[wigwam]]. She claimed she wanted to put him through a test of love and demanded, "Prove it!" The test of his devotion was that he must set sail in his canoe on this spring lake deep in the [[conifer]] swamp. She would then leap from an overhanging branch in an act of faith. He was to catch her from his canoe proving his love.<ref name="big"/> He then took his fragile canoe onto the icy waters of the lake looking for her. Eventually his canoe tipped over in the endeavor. He drowned in the attempt to satisfy the vanity of his love for this Native American maiden. It turned out that she was back at her village with other Native American maidens, laughing about his frivolous quest. The spring was then named in his memory.<ref name="park">{{cite web|title=Kitchitikipi: Big Spring|url=http://www.uppermichiganwaterfalls.com/Kitchitikipi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415235220/http://www.uppermichiganwaterfalls.com/Kitchitikipi.html|archive-date=April 15, 2008|access-date=May 12, 2008|work=Upper Michigan Waterfalls}}</ref>
 
Another legend was that Native American maidens of the area would take a drop of honey on a piece of birch bark and dip it into the spring. This would then be presented to a young chieftain that they adored to make him true forever.<ref name="DNR"/>
 
Another legend talks about the [[tamarack]] trees growing on the banks of the spring. A small piece of the bark was ground in a [[mortar and pestle]] by a local inhabitant. The remnants were then placed in the individual's empty pockets and were magically replaced by glittering gold at exactly midnight that night.<ref name="DNR"/>
 
Other Native American legends tell of some local parents who came to the pool seeking names for their newborn sons or daughters. They supposedly found names like Satu (darling), Kakushika (big eye), Natukoro (lovely flower) and We-shi (little fish) in the sounds of the rippling water.<ref name="DNR"/> Still other legends say the Native Americans had even attributed special healing powers to the spring waters.<ref name="DNR"/>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{authority control}}
 
[[Category:State parks of Michigan]]
[[Category:Geology of Michigan]]
[[Category:Civilian Conservation Corps in Michigan]]
 
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