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[[ไฟล์:Statue of Averroes (Córdoba) - BAE09705.jpg|thumb|รูปปั้นอาเวร์โรเอส ที่[[กอร์โดบา (ประเทศสเปน)|เมืองกอร์โดบา]] [[ประเทศสเปน]]]]
'''อบูวาลิด มูฮัมมัด บิน อะห์หมัด อิบนิ รุชด์''' หรือ '''อิบนุ รุชด์''' ({{lang-ar|أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد}} หรือ {{lang|ar|ابن رشد}}, {{lang-en|Averroes}}; [[14 เมษายน]] [[ค.ศ. 1126]] — [[10 ธันวาคม]] [[ค.ศ. 1198]]) หรือที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ '''อาเวร์โรเอส''' (Averroes) เป็น[[แพทย์]]และ[[นักปรัชญา]]ชาว[[อาหรับ]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Averroes</ref>
{{Reflist|30em}}
=== สารานุกรม ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Peter |last=Adamson|authorlink=Peter Adamson (academic)|title=Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-957749-1}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Rushd|first=Roger|last=Arnaldez | authorlink=Roger Arnaldez|encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopaedia of Islam]], New Edition |volume=Vol. III: H-Iram |date=1986 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] and Luzac & co. | location=[[Leiden]] and [[London]]| ref=harv|editors=B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, Ch. Pellat and J. Schacht|isbn=978-90-04-08118-5|pp=909–920|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0340}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Yasin|title=The Introduction to Ibn Rushd's "Bidāyat al-Mujtahid"|doi=10.2307/3399333|jstor=3399333|date=1994|volume=1|issue=2|pages=188–205|journal=Islamic Law and Society|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation |last=Fakhry |first=Majid |title=Averroes (Ibn Rushd) His Life, Works and Influence |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85168-269-0 |ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88bWAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Rushd: Abū al‐Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Rushd al‐Ḥafīd|first=Miquel |last=Forcada| authorlink=Miquel Forcada|encyclopedia=[[The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers]], Springer Reference |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | location=[[New York City|New York]]| ref=harv|url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Rushd_BEA.htm|editors=Thomas Hockey et al.|pp=564–565}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Glasner|first=Ruth|authorlink=Ruth Glasner|title=Averroes' Physics: A Turning Point in Medieval Natural Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxsUDAAAQBAJ|date=18 June 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956773-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Guessoum|first=Nidhal|authorlink=Nidhal Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebcjQwAACAAJ|date=15 February 2011| publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-1-84885-518-2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West|encyclopedia=The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|last=Hasse|first=Dag Nikolaus|year=2014|editors=Edward N. Zalta|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126–1198)|first=H. Chad|last=Hillier|encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|issn=2161-0002|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/|ref=harv}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Albert Z.|last=Iskandar|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]]|date=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | location=[[New York City|New York]]| ref=harv|editors=Helaine Selin|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9240|chapter=Ibn Rushd (Averroës)|title = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|pages=1115–1117|isbn = 978-1-4020-4559-2}}
* {{Citation |last= Leaman |first= Olivier |title=An Introduction to Classical Islamic Philosophy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-521-79757-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jon|last1=McGinnis|first2=David C.|last2=Reisman|title=Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9ITPVoGjsoC|year=2007|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1-60384-392-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sonneborn|first=Liz|title=Averroes (Ibn Rushd): Muslim Scholar, Philosopher, and Physician of the Twelfth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIjayOIulPcC|year=2006|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0514-7}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Averroes: religious dialectic and Aristotelian philosophical thought|encyclopedia=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy|last=Taylor|first=Richard C.|year=2005|editors= Peter Adamson, Richard C. Taylor|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pp=180–200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowm255qOzQC&pg=PA180|isbn=978-0-521-52069-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Wohlman|first=Avital|title=Al-Ghazali, Averroes and the Interpretation of the Qur'an: Common Sense and Philosophy in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0GMAgAAQBAJ|date=4 December 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-22444-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Averroës|first=Erwin I.J.|last=Rosenthal|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|date=26 December 2017|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Averroes|ref=harv}}
== อ่านเพิ่มเติม ==
* {{Citation |last= Baffioni |first= Carmela |title= Averroes and the Aristotelian Heritage |publisher= [[Guida Editori]] |year=2004 |month= |isbn= 978-88-7188-862-0 }}
* {{Citation |last=Campanini|first=Massimo|title= Averroè|publisher= Il Mulino|location= Bologna|year= 2007}}
* {{Citation |last= Kogan |first= Barry S. |title= Averroes and the Metaphysics of Causation |publisher= [[SUNY Press]] |year= 1985 |month= |isbn= 978-0-88706-063-2 }}
* {{Citation |last=Kupka |first=Thomas|title=Averroes als Rechtsgelehrter|trans-title=Averroes as a Legal Scholar|journal=Rechtsgeschichte|number=18|year=2011|pages=214–216|ssrn=2346808}}
* {{Citation |last= Leaman |first= Olivier |title= Averroes and his philosophy |publisher= [[Routledge]] |year= 1998|month= |isbn= 978-0-7007-0675-4 }}
* {{Citation |last=Sorabji |first=Richard|title= Matter, Space and Motion|publisher= Duckworth|year= 1988}}
* {{Citation|last=Schmidt-Biggemann|first=Wilhelm|chapter-url=http://www.buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de/cat/kwb_45_variantology_4/pid_170000000000790428.aspx|chapter=Sketch of a Cosmic Theory of the Soul from Aristotle to Averroes|title=Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond|editors=Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell|location=Cologne|publisher=Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König|year=2010|pages=19–42|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063948/http://www.buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de/cat/kwb_45_variantology_4/pid_170000000000790428.aspx|archivedate=16 July 2011|df=}}
== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
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=== งานของอิบน์ รุชด์ ===
*[http://dare.uni-koeln.de/ DARE], the Digital Averroes Research Environment, an ongoing effort to collect digital images of all Averroes manuscripts and full texts of all three language-traditions.
*[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ir/index.html Averroes], Islamic Philosophy Online (links to works by and about Averroes in several languages)
*[http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rushd-the-philosophy-and-theology-of-averroes ''The Philosophy and Theology of Averroes: Tractata translated from the Arabic''], trans. Mohammad Jamil-ur-Rehman, 1921
*[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ir/tt/index.html The Incoherence of the Incoherence] translation by Simon van den Bergh. [''N. B. '': This also contains a translation of most of the tahafut as the refutations are mostly commentary of [[al-Ghazali]] statements that were quoted verbatim.] There is also an Italian translation by Massimo Campanini, Averroè, ''L'incoerenza dell'incoerenza dei filosofi'', Turin, Utet, 1997.
*[http://capricorn.bc.edu/siepm/books.html#12 SIEPM Virtual Library], including scanned copies (PDF) of the Editio Juntina of Averroes' works in Latin (Venice 1550–1562)
=== ข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับอิบน์ รุชด์ ===
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = Forcada | first = Miquel | title=Ibn Rushd: Abū al‐Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Rushd al‐Ḥafīd | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 564–5 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Rushd_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Rushd_BEA.pdf PDF version])
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Iskandar | first = Albert Z. | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903792.html| title= Ibn Rushd, Abū'L-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muḥammad | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | publisher = Encyclopedia.com | origyear=1970-80 | year = 2008 }}
* Fouad Ben Ahmed. [http://philosophy-e.com/ibn-rusd-knowledge-pleasures-and-analogy/ "Ibn Rušd: Knowledge, pleasures and analogy"], in: Philosophia: E-Journal of Philosophy and Culture, 4/2013. {{ISSN|1314-5606}}
*{{In Our Time|Averroes|p0038x79|Averroes}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Averroes}}
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Averroes}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130415235411/http://dare.uni-koeln.de/?q=node%2F129 DARE Bibliography], a comprehensive overview of the extant bibliography
*[http://www.thomasinst.uni-koeln.de/averroes/ Averroes Database], including a full bibliography of his works
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