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== ที่มา ==
[[ไฟล์:Origin of the League of Nations.png|thumb|right|250px|การ์ดที่ระลึกในโอกาสก่อตั้งสันนิบาต คนในรูปคือประธานาธิบดี[[วูดโรว์ วิลสัน]]ที่เป็นผู้เสนอให้ก่อตั้งองค์การนี้ขึ้น]]
แนวความคิดของประชาคมนานาชาติที่อยู่ร่วมกันอย่างสันติมีมานานแล้ว ในปี ค.ศ. 1795 [[อิมมานูเอล คานต์]] เสนอให้มีการก่อตั้งองค์การที่จะไกล่เกลี่ยของพิพาทและรักษาสันติภาพระหว่างประเทศ ในงานเขียนของเขา ''Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm|last=คานต์|first=อิมมานูเอล |publisher=Mount Holyoke College| title=Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch|accessdate=16 May 2008}}</ref> โดยเขาย้ำว่าแนวทางนี้ไม่ใช่การให้มีรัฐบาลปกครองโลก แต่ให้รัฐบาลของแต่ละประเทศเคารพพลเมืองของตน และต้อนรับชาวต่างประเทศในลักษณะที่เป็นมนุษย์ด้วยกัน สันติภาพระหว่างประเทศก็จะเกิดขึ้น<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm|title=Perpetual Peace|author=Kant, Immanuel|year=1795|publisher=Constitution Society|accessdate=30 August 2011}}</ref> ต่อมาเมื่อเกิด[[สงครามนโปเลียน]]ในศตวรรษที่ 19 ก็มีความพยายามร่วมมือกันเพื่อให้ยุโรปมีความมั่นคงยิ่งขึ้น รวมทั้งได้เกิด[[อนุสัญญาเจนีวา]]ขึ้นเพื่อมนุษยธรรมระหว่างสงคราม และ[[อนุสัญญาเฮก (1899 และ 1907)|อนุสัญญาเฮก]]ซึ่งกำหนดกฎเกณฑ์ของสงครามและการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทระหว่างประเทศ และในปี ค.ศ. 1889 นักรณรงค์สันติภาพได้ก่อตั้ง[[สมัชชาสหภาพรัฐสภา]] (Inter-Parliamentary Union: IPU) ขึ้นเพื่อสนับสนุนการเจรจาและการทูตในการแก้ไขข้อพิพาท<ref>{{cite web | title =Before the League of Nations | publisher = The United Nations Office at Geneva | url =http://www.unog.ch/80256EE60057D930/(httpPages)/B5B92952225993B0C1256F2D00393560?OpenDocument | accessdate =14 June 2008}}</ref>
At the start of the twentieth century, two power blocs emerged from alliances between the European [[Great Powers]]. It was these alliances that, at the [[Origins of World War I|start of the First World War]] in 1914, drew all the major European powers into the conflict. This was the first major war in Europe between industrialized countries, and the first time in Western Europe the results of industrialization (for example mass production) had been dedicated to war. The result of this industrialized warfare was an unprecedented casualty level: eight and a half million soldiers killed, an estimated 21 million wounded, and approximately 10 million civilian deaths.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=15–17}}{{sfn|Northedge|1986|pp=1–2}}
By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had a profound impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe and inflicting psychological and physical damage.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=16}} Anti-war sentiment rose across the world; the First World War was described as "[[The war to end war|the war to end all wars]]",{{sfn|Archer|2001|p=14}}{{sfn|Northedge|1986|p=1}} and its possible causes were vigorously investigated. The causes identified included arms races, alliances, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. One proposed remedy was the creation of an international organization whose aim was to prevent future war through disarmament, open diplomacy, international co-operation, restrictions on the right to wage war, and penalties that made war unattractive.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=8}}
While the First World War was still underway, a number of governments and groups had already started developing plans to change the way international relations were carried out to try to prevent another such conflict.{{sfn|Archer|2001|p=14}} United States President [[Woodrow Wilson]] and his adviser Colonel [[Edward M. House]] enthusiastically promoted the idea of the League as a means of avoiding any repetition of the bloodshed of the First World War, and the creation of the League was a centrepiece of Wilson's [[Fourteen Points|Fourteen Points for Peace]].{{sfn|Kawamura|2000|p=135}}<!--Is this reference necessary?--> Specifically the final point stated: "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."<ref>{{cite web |first=Woodrow|last=Wilson|authorlink=Woodrow Wilson| date =8 January 1918 |title =President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points | publisher =The Avalon Project | url =http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wilson14.htm | accessdate =19 April 2008}}</ref>
Before drafting the specific terms of his peace deal, Wilson recruited a team led by Colonel House to compile information deemed pertinent in assessing Europe’s geo-political situation. In early January 1918, Wilson summoned House to Washington and the two began hammering out, in complete secrecy, the president’s first address on the League of Nations, which was delivered to [[United States Congress|Congress]] on 8 January 1918.<ref>{{cite book|title=Woodrow Wilson|first=Auguste|last=Heckscher|page=470|isbn=0684193124|publisher=Scribner|year=1991}}</ref> Wilson's final plans for the League were strongly influenced by South African Prime Minister [[Jan Christiaan Smuts]], who in 1918 had published a treatise entitled ''The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion''. According to F. S. Crafford, Wilson adopted "both the ideas and the style" of Smuts.{{sfn|Crafford|2005|p=141}}
On 8 July 1919, Wilson returned to the United States and embarked on a nation-wide campaign to secure the support of the American people for their country’s entry into the League. On 10 July, Wilson addressed the [[United States Senate|Senate]], declaring that "a new role and a new responsibility have come to this great nation that we honor and which we would all wish to lift to yet higher levels of service and achievement". Support, particularly from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], was scanty at best.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson|first=Kendrick A|last=Clements|page=189|isbn=9780700605248|edition=3rd|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=1992}}</ref>
The [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], convened to build a lasting peace after the First World War, approved the proposal to create the League of Nations ({{lang-fr|Société des Nations}}, {{lang-de|Völkerbund}}) on 25 January 1919.{{sfn|Magliveras|1999|p=8}} The [[Covenant of the League of Nations]] was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. On 28 June 1919,{{sfn|Magliveras|1999|pp=8–12}}{{sfn|Northedge|1986|pp=35–36}} 44 states signed the Covenant, including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the [[Triple Entente]] or joined it during the conflict. Despite Wilson's efforts to establish and promote the League, for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in October 1919,{{sfn|Levinovitz|Ringertz|2001|p=170}} the United States did not join. Opposition in the Senate, particularly from Republican politicians [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] and [[William Edgar Borah|William E. Borah]] and especially in regard to [[Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations|Article X of the Covenant]], ensured that the United States would not ratify the agreement.{{sfn|Northedge|1986|pp=85–89}}
The League held its first council meeting in Paris on 16 January 1920, six days after the Versailles Treaty came into force.{{sfn|Scott|1973|p=51}} In November, the headquarters of the League was moved to Geneva, where the first General Assembly was held on 15 November 1920.{{sfn|Scott|1973|p=67}}
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