↑Muscolino, Micah S. (2010). "Refugees, Land Reclamation, and Militarized Landscapes in Wartime China: Huanglongshan, Shaanxi, 1937-45". Journal of Asian Studies. 69 (2): 458, 459. doi:10.1017/S0021911810000057. ISSN0021-9118. S2CID162487893. To take advantage of these natural benefits, Shaanxi needed to "set aside Huanglongshan as a military-agricultural colony (tuntian) and transfer troops to cultivate it, imitating the ancient system of supporting the military through agriculture". [...] First priority in developing China's northwestern frontier was "research on military agricultural colonies (yanjiu tunken)".
↑Frank, Mark (2021-04-22). "Chinese Empire after Empire: Agrarian Colonization on the Twentieth-Century Frontier". The Council on East Asian Studies at Yale University. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2022-01-08. Proponents of this strategy drew inspiration from the imperial institution of tuntian (colonial fields) in formulating a modern vision of tunken, which I interpret as agrarian colonization.
