ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ชาวไวกิง"

===ยุคไวกิง===

{{Main|ยุคไวกิง}}

 

จากบันทึก ในช่วงเวลาคริสต์ทศวรรษ 790 จนถึง[[การพิชิตอังกฤษของชาวนอร์มัน]]ในปี ค.ศ. 1066 ถือว่าเป็นยุคไวกิงในประวัติศาสตร์ของสแกนดิเนเวีย<ref>Peter Sawyer, ''The Viking Expansion'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Issue 1] (Knut Helle, ed., 2003), p.105.</ref> ชาวไวกิงได้ใช้[[ทะเลนอร์วีเจียน]]และ[[ทะเลบอลติก]]เป็นเส้นทางมุ่งสู่ทางใต้และแผ่อิทธิพลลงมาถึง[[ดัชชีนอร์ม็องดี]]ช่วงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 10 ก่อนสืบเชื้อสายกลายเป็นชาว[[นอร์มัน]] สำหรับผู้สืบเชื้อสายไวกิงที่งมีอิทธิพลในยุโรปเหนือในยุคนั้น ได้แก่ [[พระเจ้าฮาโรลด์ กอดวินสัน]] กษัตริย์แองโกล-แซกซันองค์สุดท้ายแห่งราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษผู้มีบรรพบุรุษเป็นชาวเดนมาร์ก และสองชาวไวกิงที่ขึ้นครองบัลลังก์ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ [[พระเจ้าสเวน ฟอร์กเบียร์ด]]ผู้ครองบัลลังก์ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1013-1014 และพระราชโอรส [[พระเจ้าคนุตมหาราช]]ผู้ครองบัลลังก์ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1016-1035<ref name="Lund">Lund, Niels (2001). "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age", ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings''. Ed. P. H. Sawyer. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 167–181. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.</ref><ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Sweyn.aspx The Royal Household, "Sweyn"], ''The official Website of The British Monarchy'', 15 March 2015, accessed 15 March 2015</ref><ref name="Lawson">Lawson, M K (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016-35". The History Press Ltd, 2005, ISBN 978-0582059702.</ref><ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/CanutetheGreat.aspx The Royal Household, "Canute The Great"], ''The official Website of The British Monarchy'', 15 March 2015, accessed 15 March 2015</ref><ref name="Badsey et al.">Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd, 2000, ISBN 1-903025-00-1.</ref>

===การขยายอาณาเขตของชาวไวกิง===

{{Main|การขยายอาณาเขตของชาวไวกิง}}

 

The Viking experience throughout the [[north Atlantic]] was mainly about settlement with Iceland quickly becoming its most important [[colony]]. It is believed Iceland was colonised circa 870-930 but first settlers in Landnamark not recorded until 1100.<ref>Jones, Gwyn, A history of the Vikings (Oxford 2001)</ref> The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic, ventured south to North Africa and east to Russia, Constantinople, and the Middle East.<ref name=NatRus/><ref name=NatJourneys/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rodin.uca.es:8081/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10498/7881/18385953.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Los vikingos en Al-Andalus (abstract available in English) |publisher=Jesús Riosalido|year=1997 |accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref> They raided and pillaged, but also engaged in trade, settled wide-ranging colonies, and acted as mercenaries.<ref>John Haywood: ''Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings'', Penguin (1996). Detailed maps of Viking settlements in Scotland, Ireland, England, Iceland and Normandy.</ref>

The motives driving the Viking expansion are a topic of much debate in Nordic history. One common theory posits that [[Charlemagne]] "used force and terror to Christianise all pagans", leading to baptism, conversion or execution, and as a result, Vikings and other pagans resisted and wanted revenge.<ref name="Rudolf Simek 2005, pp. 24">Rudolf Simek, "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII–XI century—the new discoveries of archaeology", other, 2005, pp. 24–25</ref><ref>Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th–8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)</ref><ref name = "annals R.20">"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Peter Sawyer, "The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings", 2001, p. 20</ref><ref>Dictionnaire d'histoire de France, Perrin, Alain Decaux and André Castelot, 1981, pages 184/185. ISBN 2-7242-3080-9.</ref><ref>"the Vikings" R.Boyer history, myths, dictionary, Robert Laffont several 2008, p96 ISBN 978-2-221-10631-0</ref> Professor Rudolf Simek states that "it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne".<ref name="Rudolf Simek 2005, pp. 24"/><ref>[[François-Xavier Dillmann]], "Viking civilisation and culture. A bibliography of French-language ", Caen, Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest, University of Caen, 1975, p.19, and "Les Vikings: the Scandinavian and European 800–1200", 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe, 1992, p. 26</ref> The penetration of Christianity into Scandinavia led to serious conflict dividing Norway for almost a century.<ref>"History of the Kings of Norway" by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François-Xavier Dillmann, Gallimard ISBN 2-07-073211-8 pp. 15–16, 18, 24, 33–34, 38</ref>

 

 

Another explanation is that the Vikings exploited a moment of weakness in the surrounding regions. England suffered from internal divisions and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old [[trade route]]s could also have played a role. Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the [[Roman Empire]] fell in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Macauley Richardson |first=Lloyd |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/72831997.html |title=Books: Eurasian Exploration |work=Policy Review |publisher=Hoover Institution |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216043007/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/72831997.html |archivedate=2009-12-16}}</ref> The expansion of Islam in the 7th century had also affected trade with western Europe.<ref>Crone, Patricia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VWL-_hRsm2IC&dq=Islam+trade+Western+Europe+7th+century&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=x3QeS57kBo7ysQPZmvX9CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDAQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Meccan trade and the rise of Islam''] First Georgias Press. 2004.</ref>

During the Viking Age, Scandinavian men and women travelled to many parts of Europe and beyond, in a cultural diaspora that left its traces from Newfoundland to [[Byzantium]]. This period of energetic activity also had a pronounced effect in the Scandinavian homelands, which were subject to a variety of new influences.<ref>Roesdahl, pp. 295–7</ref> In the 300 years from the late 8th century, when contemporary chroniclers first commented on the appearance of Viking raiders, to the end of the 11th century, Scandinavia underwent profound cultural changes.

 

 

By the late 11th century, royal dynasties legitimised by the [[Catholic Church]] (which had had little influence in Scandinavia 300 years earlier) were asserting their power with increasing authority and ambition, and the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had taken shape. Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites, and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models.<ref>Gareth Williams, 'Kingship, Christianity and coinage: monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age', in ''Silver Economy in the Viking Age'', ed. James Graham-Campbell and Gareth Williams, pp. 177–214; ISBN 978-1-59874-222-0</ref> By this time the influx of Islamic silver from the East had been absent for more than a century, and the flow of English silver had come to an end in the mid-11th century.<ref>Roesdahl, pp. 296</ref> [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianity had taken root]] in Denmark and Norway with the establishment of dioceses during the 11th century, and the new religion was beginning to organise and assert itself more effectively in Sweden. Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity, which was now no longer operating only on a missionary footing, and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming. By 1103, the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia, at [[Lund]], Scania, then part of Denmark.