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[[ภาพ:Westminster abbey west.jpg|thumb|right|200px|มหาวิหารเวสท์มินสเตอร์สถานที่ประกอบพระราชพิธีบรมราชาภิเษก]]
'''พระราชพิธีบรมราชาภิเษกพระมหากษัตริย์แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร''' เป็น [[พระราชพิธี]] ซึ่ง[[รายพระนามกษัตริย์แห่งหมู่เกาะอังกฤษ|พระมหากษัตริย์ (หรือพระมหากษัตรีย์) แห่งอังกฤษ สกอตแลนด์ สหราชอาณาจักร บริเตนใหญ่ ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ และประเทศในเครือจักรภพ]] รวมทั้ง[[พระราชสวามี และพระมเหสีในพระมหากษัตริย์แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร|สมเด็จพระราชินีอัครมเหสี]] จะทรงประกอบเพื่อแสดงถึงพระราชอำนาจสูงสุดเหนือประเทศเหล่านั้น พระราชพิธีบรมราชาภิเษกนี้มีจัดขึ้นในทุกประเทศที่ปกครองโดยมีระบบกษัตริย์เป็นประมุข แม้แต่[[สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปา]] แห่ง[[นครรัฐวาติกัน]]ก็ทรงประกอบพิธีนี้เช่นกัน พระราชพิธีนี้โดยมากมักจะจัดขึ้นหลังจากพระมหากษัตริย์พระองค์ก่อนเสด็จสวรรคตไปแล้วพอสมควร เพื่อที่จะได้มีเวลาพอสำหรับพระราชพิธีพระบรมศพสำหรับกษัตริย์พระองค์ก่อน และมีการเตรียมความพร้อมสำหรับกษัตริย์พระองค์ใหม่ด้วย ดังเช่น[[สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถอลิซาเบธที่ 2]] ทรงขึ้นครองราชย์เมื่อวันที่ [[6 กุมภาพันธ์]] [[พ.ศ. 2495]] แต่ทรงประกอบพระราชพิธีบรมราชาภิเษกเมื่อวันที่ [[2 มิถุนายน]], [[พ.ศ. 2496]],
พระราชพิธีนี้มีอาร์คบิชอบ แห่งแคนเธอเบอรี เป็นประธาน ในฐานะนักบวชอาวุโสที่สุดของนิกายโบสถ์อังกฤษ พระมหากษัตริย์หรือประธานาธิบดีของทุกประเทศจะเข้าร่วมในพระราชพิธีนี้ รวมทั้งอาจมีแขกของรัฐบาลอีกเป็นจำนวนมาก
== ประวัติ ==
{{โครง-ส่วน}}<!-- The timing of the coronation has varied throughout British history. The first Norman monarch, William I, was crowned on the day he became King—25 December 1066. Most of his successors were crowned within weeks, or even days, of their accession. Edward I was fighting in the Ninth Crusade when he ascended to the throne in 1272; he was crowned soon after his return in 1274. Edward II's coronation, similarly, was delayed by a campaign in Scotland in 1307. Henry VI was only a few months old when he succeeded in 1422; he was crowned in 1429, but did not officially assume the reins of government until he was deemed of sufficient age, in 1437. Under the Hanoverian monarchs in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it was deemed appropriate to extend the mourning period to several months. In addition, in the hope of good weather for the Coronation and its processions and other celebrations, it is almost always set for the spring or summer. In the case of every monarch since, and including, George IV, at least one year has passed between accession and coronation, with the exception of George VI, whose predecessor did not die but abdicated. The Coronation date had already been set; planning simply continued with a new monarch.
Since a period of time has often passed between accession and coronation, some monarchs were never crowned. Edward V and Jane were both deposed before they could be crowned, in 1483 and 1553, respectively. Edward VIII also went uncrowned, as he abdicated in 1936 before the customary year of mourning could conclude.
The Anglo-Saxon monarchs used various locations for their coronations, including Bath, Kingston upon Thames, London, Oxford and Winchester. The last Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was crowned at Westminster Abbey in 1066; the location was preserved for all future coronations. When London was under the control of the French, Henry III was crowned at Gloucester in 1216; he later chose to have a second coronation at Westminster in 1220. Two hundred years later, Henry VI also had two coronations; as King of England in London during 1429, and as King of France in Paris during 1431.
Following the English Civil War Oliver Cromwell declined the crown but underwent a coronation in all but name when he became Lord Protector in 1653.
Coronations may be performed for a person other than the reigning monarch. In 1170, Henry the Young King, heir to the throne, was crowned as a second king of England, subordinate to his father Henry II; such coronations were common practice in medieval France and Germany, but this is the only instance of its kind in England. More commonly, a king's wife is crowned as Queen consort, though the husband of a Queen regnant is never crowned. If the king is already married at the time of his coronation, a joint coronation of both king and queen may be performed. The first such coronation was of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1154; fourteen such coronations have been performed, including that of the co-rulers William III and Mary II, the most recent being that of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1937. If the king married, or remarried, after his coronation, or if his wife were not crowned with him for some other reason, she might be crowned in a separate ceremony. The first such separate coronation of a Queen consort in England was that of Matilda of Flanders in 1068; the sixteenth and, so far, the last was Anne Boleyn's in 1533.
Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 was televised by the British Broadcasting Corporation. This was the first time that cameras were allowed to record the coronation. It was originally thought that cameras would breach the solemnity of the occasion; however, they were permitted after the personal intervention of the Queen, and panned away only for the anointing, as the most sacred moment of the ceremony. It is estimated that over twenty million individuals viewed the programme in the United Kingdom, an audience unprecedented in television history. The coronation greatly increased public interest in televisions.
Hers was also the first coronation where the monarch was crowned as multiple sovereigns in one, being asked: "Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon, and of your Possessions and other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?"
-->
== ฉลองพระองค์และเครื่องราชูปโภค ==
{{โครง-ส่วน}}<!-- The Sovereign wears a variety of different robes and other garments during the course of the ceremony:
* ''Crimson surcoat'' - the regular dress during most of the ceremony, worn under all other robes. In 1953, Elizabeth II wore a newly-made gown in place of a surcoat.
* ''Robe of State of crimson velvet'' or ''Parliament Robe'' - the first robe used at a coronation, worn on entry to the Abbey and later at [[State Opening of Parliament|State Openings of Parliament]]. It consists of an ermine cape and a long crimson velvet train lined with further ermine and decorated with gold lace.
* ''Anointing gown'' - a simple and austere garment worn during the anointing. It is plain white, bears no decoration and fastens at the back.
* ''Colobium sindonis'' ("shroud tunic") - the first robe with which the Sovereign is invested. It is a loose white undergarment of fine linen cloth edged with a lace border, open at the sides, sleeveless and cut low at the neck. It symbolises the derivation of Royal authority from the people and represents the divestment of vanity and material things.
* ''Supertunica'' - the second robe with which the Sovereign is invested. It is a long coat of gold silk which reaches to the ankles and has wide-flowing sleeves. It is lined with rose-coloured silk, trimmed with gold lace, woven with national symbols and fastened by a sword belt. It derives from the full dress uniform of a consul of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
* ''Robe Royal'' or ''Pallium Regale'' - the main robe worn during the ceremony and used during the Crowning. It is a four-square mantle, lined in crimson silk and decorated with silver coronets, national symbols and silver imperial eagles in the four corners. It is lay, rather than liturgical, in nature.
* ''Stole Royal'' or ''armilla'' - a gold slik scarf which accompanies the Robe Royal, richly and heavily embroidered with gold and silver thread, set with jewels and lined with rose-coloured silk and gold fringing.
* ''Purple surcoat'' - the counterpart to the crimson surcoat, worn during the final part of the ceremony.
* ''Imperial Robe of purple velvet'' - the robe worn at the conclusion of the ceremony, on exit from the Abbey. It comprises an embroidered ermine cape with a train of purple silk velvet, trimmed with Canadian ermine and fully lined with pure silk English satin. The purple recalls the imperial robes of [[Roman Emperor]]s.
In contrast to the history and tradition which surround the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|Regalia]], it is customary for most coronation robes to be newly made for each monarch. The present exceptions are the ''supertunica'' and ''Robe Royal'', which both date from the Coronation of George IV in 1821 (though he did not wear the ''supertunica''). Both are kept at the [[Tower of London]].
[[ภาพ:Duke of Clarence at George IV's coronation.JPG|thumb|left|350px|The robes of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|HRH The Duke of Clarence]], a Royal Duke (later William IV), included a train borne by a page.]]
Several participants in the ceremony wear special costumes, uniforms or robes. Peers' robes comprise a full-length crimson velvet coat, and an ermine cape. Rows of sealskin spots on the cape designate the peer's rank; dukes use four rows, marquesses three and a half, earls three, viscounts two and a half, and barons and lords of Parliament two. Royal dukes use six rows of ermine, ermine on the front of the cape and long trains borne by pages. Peeresses' ranks are designated not by sealskin spots, but by the length of their trains and the width of the ermine edging on the same. For duchesses, the trains are two yards long, for marchionesses one and three-quarters yards, for countesses one and a half yards, for viscountesses one and a quarter yards, and for baronesses and ladies one yard. The ermine edgings are five inches in width for duchesses, four inches for marchionesses, three inches for countesses, and two inches for viscountesses, baronesses and ladies. The robes of peers and peeresses are used only during coronations.
Peers wear [[coronets]], as do members of the Royal Family; such coronets display heraldic emblems based on rank or association to the monarch. The heir-apparent's coronet displays four crosses-pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by an arch. The same style, without the arch, is used for the children and siblings of Sovereigns. The coronets of children of the heir-apparent display four fleurs-de-lis, two crosses-pattée and two strawberry leaves. A fourth style, including four crosses-pattée and four strawberry leaves, is used for the children of the sons and brothers of Sovereigns. The aforementioned coronets are borne instead of any coronets based on peerage dignities. The coronets of dukes show eight strawberry leaves, those of marquesses four strawberry leaves alternating with four raised silver balls, those of earls eight strawberry leaves alternating with eight raised silver balls, those of viscounts sixteen silver balls and those of barons six silver balls. Peeresses use the same design, except that they appear on smaller circlets than the peers' coronets.
Aside from the monarch, the only individuals authorised to wear crowns are the three Kings of Arms, the senior officials of the [[College of Arms]], the heraldic authority of [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] ([[Scotland]] has a separate authority, the [[Lord Lyon King of Arms|Lyon Court]]). The Garter Principal King of Arms, the most senior King of Arms, wears a gold crown; the Clarenceaux King of Arms (who has authority over southern England) and the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms (who has authority over northern England and Northern Ireland) both wear silver gilt crowns. Their coronets consist of sixteen acanthus leaves alternating in height, and inscribed with the words ''Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam'' (i.e., Have mercy on me O God according to Thy great mercy). When this coronet is shown in pictorial representations, only nine leaves and the first three words are shown.
Along with persons of nobility, the coronation ceremonies are also attended by a wide range of political figures, including all members of the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom]], the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], all Prime Ministers and [[Governor General|Governors General]] of the [[Commonwealth Realms]], all [[Governor]]s of British [[Crown Colony|Crown Colonies]], as well as the [[Head of State|Heads of State]] of other independent nations of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. Dignitaries and representatives from other nations are also customarily invited.
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== พระราชพิธี ==
{{โครง-ส่วน}}<!-- [[ภาพ:George IV coronation.jpg|thumb|right|375px|George IV's train was borne by eight eldest sons of peers and by the Master of the Robes. From left to right: The King, [[Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk|Earl of Surrey]], [[Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington|Marquess of Douro]], [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]], [[George Pratt, 2nd Marquess Camden|Earl of Brecnock]], [[Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey|Earl of Uxbridge]], [[George Cholmondeley, 2nd Marquess of Cholmondeley|Earl of Rocksavage]], [[George Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Marquess of Hastings|Earl of Rawdon]], [[Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, Viscount Ingestre|Viscount Ingestre]] and [[Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham|Lord Francis Conyngham]].]]
The Sovereign enters Westminster Abbey wearing the ''crimson surcoat'' and the ''Robe of State of crimson velvet''.
Once the Sovereign takes his or her seat on the Chair of Estate, the [[Garter King of Arms|Garter Principal King of Arms]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, the [[Lord Chancellor]], the [[Lord Great Chamberlain]], the [[Lord High Constable]] and the [[Earl Marshal]] go to the east, south, west and north of the Abbey. At each side, the Archbishop calls for the Recognition of the Sovereign, with the words, "Sirs, I here present unto you ..., your undoubted King. Wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service, are you willing to do the same? " After the people acclaim the Sovereign at each side, the Archbishop administers an oath to the Sovereign. The oath has varied over the years; at Elizabeth II's coronation, the exchange between the Queen and the Archbishop was as follows:
:''The Archbishop of Canterbury:'' "Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the [[South Africa|Union of South Africa]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], and of your Possessions and other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?"
:''The Queen:'' "I solemnly promise so to do."
:''The Archbishop of Canterbury:'' "Will you to your power cause Law and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?"
:''The Queen:'' "I will."
:''The Archbishop of Canterbury:'' "Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel? Will you to the utmost of your power maintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law? Will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established in England? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England, and to the Churches there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them?"
:''The Queen:'' "All this I promise to do. The things which I have here promised, I will perform, and keep. So help me God."
The monarch additionally swears an oath to preserve [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] church government in the [[Church of Scotland]]. This part of the oath is taken before the coronation.
Once the taking of the oath concludes, an ecclesiastic presents a [[Bible]] to the Sovereign, saying "Here is Wisdom; This is the royal Law; These are the lively Oracles of God." The Bible used is a full [[King James Bible]], including the [[Apocrypha]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. At Elizabeth II's coronation, the Bible was presented by the [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|Moderator of the General Assembly]] of the [[Church of Scotland]]. Once the Bible is presented, the [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]] is celebrated, but the service is interrupted after the [[Nicene Creed]]. -->
== พระมหามงกุฎ ==
{{โครง-ส่วน}}<!-- [[ภาพ:Marquess of Anglesey carrying St Edward's Crown.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|1st Marquess of Anglesey]] carried St Edward's Crown at George IV's coronation.]]
After the Communion service is interrupted, the Sovereign removes the ''crimson robe'', puts on the ''anointing gown'' and processes to [[King Edward's Chair]], which has been set in a most prominent position. (In 1953 it stood atop a dais of several steps.) This ancient medieval chair has a slot in the base into which the [[Stone of Scone]] is fitted for the ceremony. Also known as the "stone of destiny", it was used for ancient Scottish coronations until brought to England by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. It has been used for every coronation at Westminster Abbey since. Until 1996 the stone was kept with the chair in Westminster Abbey between coronations; but it was returned that year to Scotland, where it will remain on display in [[Edinburgh Castle]] until it is needed for a coronation.
Once seated in this chair, a [[baldachin|canopy]] is held over the monarch's head for the [[anointing]]. The duty of acting as pallbearers was performed in recent coronations by four [[Order of the Garter|Knights of the Garter]]; namely:
* 1761: [[William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]], [[Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland|The Earl of Northumberland]], [[Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford|The Earl of Hertford]] and [[James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave|The Earl Waldegrave]].
* 1821: [[Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort|The Duke of Beaufort]], [[John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden|The Marquess Camden]], [[George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea|The Earl of Winchilsea]] and [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|The Marquess of Londonderry]].
* 1831: [[George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds|The Duke of Leeds]], [[Charles Sackville-Germaine, 5th Duke of Dorset|The Duke of Dorset]], The Marquess Camden again and [[Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter|The Marquess of Exeter]].
* 1838: [[John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland|The Duke of Rutland]], [[Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch|The Duke of Buccleuch]], [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|The Marquess of Anglesey]] and The Marquess of Exeter again.
* 1902: [[George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan|The Earl Cadogan]], [[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]], [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|The Earl of Rosebery]] and [[John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer|The Earl Spencer]].
* 1911: The Earl Cadogan again, [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|The Earl of Crewe]], [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|The Earl of Minto]] and The Earl of Rosebery again.
* 1937: [[James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn|The Duke of Abercorn]], [[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|The Marquess of Londonderry]], [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|The Earl of Lytton]] and [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]].
* 1953: [[Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]], [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland|The Duke of Portland]], [[Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue|The Earl Fortescue]] and [[Wentworth Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Allendale|The Viscount Allendale]].
This element of the coronation service was considered so sacred in 1953 that it was not televised. <small><sup>[[#Notes|2]]</sup></small> The Dean of Westminster pours consecrated oil from an eagle-shaped ampulla into a spoon; the Archbishop of Canterbury then anoints the Sovereign on the hands, breast, and head. The [[filigree]]d spoon is the only part of the mediæval crown jewels which survived the [[Commonwealth of England|commonwealth]]. The Archbishop concludes by stating a blessing.
The Sovereign is then enrobed in the ''colobium sindonis'', over which is placed the ''supertunica''.
The Lord Great Chamberlain presents the [[spur]]s, which represent [[chivalry]]. The Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by other bishops, then presents the Sword of State to the Sovereign. The Sovereign is then further robed, this time putting the ''Robe Royal'' and ''Stole Royal'' on top of the ''supertunica''. The Archbishop then delivers several [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|Crown Jewels]] to the Sovereign. First, he delivers the [[Sovereign's Orb|Orb]], a hollow golden sphere set with numerous precious and semi-precious stones. The Orb is surmounted by a cross, representing the rule of [[Jesus]] over the world; it is returned to the Altar immediately after being received. Next, the Sovereign receives a ring representing the "marriage" between him or her and the nation. The [[Sceptre with the Dove]] (so called because it is surmounted by a dove representing the [[Holy Spirit]]) and the [[Sceptre with the Cross]] (which incorporates [[Cullinan Diamond|Cullinan I]], the largest cut diamond in the world) are delivered to the Sovereign. As the Sovereign holds the two sceptres, the Archbishop of Canterbury places [[St Edward's Crown]] (brought to him by the Lord High Steward) on his or her head. All cry "God Save the King [Queen]", placing their coronets and caps on their heads. Cannon are fired from the Tower of London. -->
== เสร็จสิ้นพระราชพิธี ==
{{โครง-ส่วน}}<!-- [[ภาพ:Elizabeth I of England - coronation portrait.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Elizabeth I wore the crown and held the sceptre and orb at the end of her coronation.]]
The Sovereign is then borne into the Throne. The Archbishops and Bishops swear their fealty, saying "I, N., Archbishop [Bishop] of N., will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear unto you, our Sovereign Lord [Lady], King [Queen] of this Realm and Defender of the Faith, and unto your heirs and successors according to law. So help me God." The peers then proceed to pay their homage, saying "I, N., Duke [Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron or Lord] of N., do become your liege man of life and limb, and of earthly worship; and faith and truth will I bear unto you, to live and die, against all manner of folks. So help me God." Formerly, each peer paid homage individually, but [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] abbreviated the ceremony. Now, the clergy pay homage together, led by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Next, members of the Royal Family pay homage individually. The peers are led by the premier peers of their rank: the Dukes by the Premier Duke, the Marquesses by the Premier Marquess, and so forth.
If there is a [[Queen Consort]], she is crowned in a very simple ceremony immediately before homage is paid.<small><sup>[[#Notes|3]]</sup></small> A [[Queen Regnant]]'s husband, however, is not separately crowned. The Communion ceremony interrupted earlier is resumed and completed.
The Sovereign then exits the Coronation Theatre, entering St Edward's Chapel (also within the Abbey), preceded by the bearers of the Sword of State, the Sword of Spiritual Justice, the Sword of Temporal Justice and the Sword of Mercy (the last has a blunt tip). The [[crown (headgear)|Crown]] and [[Sceptre]]s worn by the Sovereign, as well as all other regalia, are laid at the Altar; the Sovereign removes the ''Robe Royal'' and ''Stole Royal'', swaps the ''crimson surcoat'' for the ''purple surcoat'' and is enrobed in the ''Imperial Robe of purple velvet''. He or she then wears the [[Imperial State Crown]] and takes into his or her hands the Sceptre with the Cross and the Orb and leaves the chapel while all present sing the [[God Save the Queen|National Anthem]]. -->
== ดูเพิ่ม ==
[[หมวดหมู่:ราชินีแห่งสหราชอาณาจักร]]
{{โครงกษัตริย์}}
[[de:Krönung britischer Monarchen]]
[[he:הכתרת מלכי בריטניה]]
[[ms:Pertabalan raja British]]
{{โครง}}
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