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หนึ่งในนิยามของ '''ชนพื้นเมือง''' ({{lang-en|indigenous peoples}}) ให้ความหมายของคำนี้ว่าเป็น[[กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์]]ที่ "มีกำเนิดในท้องถิ่นนั้น" อย่างไรก็ดีไม่มีนิยามที่เป็นที่ยอมรับกันโดยทั่วไป<ref>"เพราะเงื่อนไขที่ชนพื้นเมืองอยู่ในแต่ละที่แตกต่างกันออกไปและมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงอยู่เสมอจึงไม่มีนิยามที่ยอมรับกันโดยทั่วไป ในแต่ละประเทศอาจเรียกชนพื้นเมืองด้วยคำที่ต่างกันออกไป อาทิเช่น "ชนพื้นเมืองกลุ่มน้อย" "อะบอริจิน" "ชาวเขา" "minority nationalities," "scheduled tribes," หรือ "ชนเผ่า"[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTOPMANUAL/0,,contentMDK:20553653~menuPK:4564185~pagePK:64709096~piPK:64709108~theSitePK:502184,00.html]</ref>
ในช่วงปลายคริสตศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบ คำนี้มักใช้กล่าวถึงกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่มีความเชื่อมโยงทางประวัติศาสตร์กับแผ่นดินก่อนการล่าอาณานิคมหรือการก่อตั้ง[[รัฐชาติ]]และกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ดังกล่าวคงไว้ซึ่งความแตกต่างทางวัฒนธรรมและการเมืองจากวัฒนธรรมและการเมืองกระแสหลักในรัฐชาติที่กลุ่มชาติพันธ์นั้นดำรงอยู่<ref name="Coates">Coates 2004:12</ref> ความหมายทางการเมืองของคำนี้หมายถึงกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่ง่ายต่อการถูกเอาเปรียบและกดขี่โดยรัฐชาติ ด้วยเหตุนี้จึงมีการกำหนดสิทธิพิเศษทางการเมืองให้กับชนพื้นเมืองโดยองค์การนานาชาติ อาทิเช่น [[สหประชาชาติ]] [[องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ]] และ[[ธนาคารโลก]]<ref name="Sanders, Douglas 1999. pp. 4 - 13">{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0940739199770591|author=Sanders, Douglas|year=1999|title=Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition|journal= International Journal of Cultural Property|volume=8|pages=4–13}}</ref> สหประชาชาติได้ประกาศ [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] เพื่อปกป้องสิทธิในวัฒนธรรม อัตลักษณ์ ภาษา การจ้างงาน สุขภาพ การศึกษา และทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ ของชนพื้นเมือง ด้วยนิยามที่ต่างกันไป มีประมาณการณ์ว่าชนพื้นเมืองในโลกนี้มีอยู่ราว 220 ล้านคนใน ค.ศ. 1997<ref>Bodley 2008:2</ref>ถึง 350 ล้านคน ใน ค.ศ. 2004.<ref name="Coates" />
==Definitions==
[[File:Ati woman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] woman, the [[Philippines]], 2007.<ref>"[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,PHL,4562d8cf2,4954ce2123,0.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Philippines: Overview, 2007]", UNHCR | Refworld.</ref> The [[Negrito]]s were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1605316|title=Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the proto-sundadont dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia|year=1992|last1=Hanihara|first1=T|volume=88|issue=2|pages=183–96|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330880206|journal=American journal of physical anthropology }}</ref>]]
The [[adjective]] ''indigenous'' has the common meaning of "from" or "of the original origin". Therefore, according to its meaning in common usage in English, any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as being ''indigenous'' in reference to some particular region or location. However during the late twentieth century the term ''Indigenous peoples'' evolved into a legal category that refers to culturally distinct groups that had been affected by the processes of [[colonization]]. These are usually collectives that have preserved some degree of cultural and political separation from the mainstream culture and political system that has grown to surround or dominate them economically, politically, culturally, or geographically.
The status of the indigenous group in this relationship can be characterized in most instances as an effectively marginalized, isolated or [[minority group|minoritised]] one, in comparison to other groups or the nation-state as a whole. Their ability to influence and participate in the external policies that may exercise [[jurisdiction]] over their traditional lands and practices is very frequently limited. This situation can persist even in the case where the indigenous population outnumbers that of the other inhabitants of the region or state; the defining notion here is one of separation from decision and regulatory processes that have some, at least titular, influence over aspects of their community and lands.
The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to variously constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the indigenous society is regulated largely by its own tradition and custom. They may be purposefully imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction; and have a measurable effect even where countered by other external influences and actions deemed to be beneficial or which serve to promote indigenous rights and interests within the wider community.
A definition of "indigenous people" has criteria which includes cultural groups (and their continuity or association with a given region, or parts of a region, and who formerly or currently inhabit the region) either:
* before or its subsequent [[colonialism|colonization]] or annexation, or
* alongside other cultural groups during the formation or reign of a colony or [[nation-state]], or
* independently or largely isolated from the influence of the claimed governance by a nation-state,
and who:
* have maintained at least in part their distinct cultural, social/organizational, or linguistic characteristics, and in doing so remain differentiated in some degree from the surrounding populations and dominant culture of the nation-state, and
* are self-identified as indigenous, or those recognized as such by other groups.
Another defining characteristic for an indigenous group is that it has preserved traditional ways of living, such as present or historical reliance upon [[List of subsistence techniques|subsistence-based]] production (based on [[pastoralism|pastoral]], horticultural and/or [[Hunter gatherer|hunting and gathering]] techniques), and a predominantly non-urbanized society. Not all indigenous groups share these characteristics. Indigenous societies may be either settled in a given locale/region or exhibit a [[nomad]]ic lifestyle across a large territory, but are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they are dependent. Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited [[climate zone]] and [[continent]] of the world.<ref name="Sanders, Douglas 1999. pp. 4 - 13"/><ref>Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. p. 440</ref>
There are various formulations of these defining characteristics in existence. Most are commonly drawn from a few widely-acknowledged authorities, in particular the [[Martínez Cobo]] – [[Working Group on Indigenous Populations|WGIP]] statement. These several definitions are recognised and employed by [[International organization|international]] and rights-based non-governmental organizations, as well as among national/sub-national governments themselves. The degree to which indigenous peoples' rights and issues are accepted and recognised in practical instruments such as treaties and other binding and non-binding agreements varies, sometimes considerably.
Many organizations advocating for indigenous rights, and the indigenous communities themselves, seek to particularly and explicitly identify peoples in this position as indigenous. This identification may also be made or acknowledged by the surrounding communities and nation-state, although there are some instances where the identity claim is the subject of some dispute, particularly with regard to recognizing assertions made over territorial rights. Even if all the above criteria are fulfilled, some people may either not consider themselves as indigenous or may not be considered as indigenous by governments, organizations or scholars.
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References which were used in article but which did not always seem to support the statements they were meant to.
<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |work= United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues|format=PDF |accessdate =23 October 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="united">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf |title= United NationsDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (A/RES/61/295)|work=United Nations|publisher=UNPFII| accessdate =23 October 2009}}</ref>
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