ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ปากแหว่งเพดานโหว่"
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บรรทัด 45:
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== เพดานโหว่ ==
'''เพดานโหว่''' เป็นภาวะที่แผ่นกระดูกของ[[กะโหลกศีรษะ]] 2 แผ่นไม่เชื่อมกันเป็น[[เพดานแข็ง]] อาจมีช่องโหว่ของ[[เพดานอ่อน]]ได้ด้วยเช่นกัน ผู้ป่วยส่วนมากมักมีปากแหว่งร่วมด้วย เพดานโหว่เกิดราว 1 ในทารกแรกเกิดมีชีพ 700 คนทั่วโลก<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/cleft_palate/stats-country.htm |title=Statistics by country for cleft palate |accessdate=2007-04-24 |work=WrongDiagnosis.com }}</ref>
Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the [[Palatine uvula|uvula]] is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine processes (formation of the [[secondary palate]]).
The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the [[nasal cavity]].
Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.
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image:Cleftpalate3.png|Incomplete cleft palate
image:Cleftpalate1.png|Unilateral complete lip and palate
image:Cleftpalate2.png|Bilateral complete lip and palate
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A direct result of an open connection between the [[oral cavity]] and [[nasal cavity]] is '''velopharyngeal insufficiency''' ([[velopharyngeal inadequacy|VPI]]). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a hypernasal [[voice]] [[resonance]] and nasal emissions.<ref name="Sloan">{{cite journal |author=Sloan GM |title=Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art |journal=Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=112–22 |year=2000 |pmid=10749049 |doi=10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0112:PPFASP>2.3.CO;2}}</ref> Secondary effects of VPI include speech [[articulation]] errors (e.g., [[distortions]], substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations (e.g., [[glottal stop]]s and posterior nasal [[fricative]]s).<ref>Hill, J.S. (2001). Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 9, 365-368.</ref>. Possible treatment options include [[speech therapy]], prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and [[Pharyngeal flap surgery|surgical procedures]].<ref name="Sloan" />
'''Submucous cleft palate''' (SMCP) can also occur, which is an occult cleft of the soft palate with a classic clinical triad of bifid uvula, notching of the hard palate, and zona pellucida.
== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
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