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แม่แบบ:Physical constants

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This template provides easy inclusion of the latest CODATA recommended values of physical constants in articles. It gives the most recent values published, and will be updated when newer values become available, which is typically every four years.

The values have been updated to the CODATA 2022 values. This includes the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, which made the values of several constants exact (e.g. e), whereas some previously exactly defined constants acquired an uncertainty (e.g. μ0).

Usage

แก้

Arguments

แก้
symbol
If set to yes, the value is preceded by the symbol of the constant, followed by ≈ or = depending on whether or not round is set.
round
If omitted, the value is shown along with its standard uncertainty. If set to an integer n, the value is rounded to the first n digits after the decimal point (trailing zeros are unfortunately omitted).
unit
If set to no, the unit of measurement is not shown.
ref
If set to no, no reference is given. If set to only, only the reference is given.
after
Text (e.g. punctuation) to be shown after the constant before the reference.
runc
If set to yes, this will provide only the relative standard uncertainty of the value and its reference.

Available constants

แก้
Code Constant Value Relative standard uncertainty
c speed of light c = 299792458 m⋅s−1 ur(c) = 0[1]
e elementary charge e = 1.602176634×10−19 C ur(e) = 0[2]
eV electronvolt eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J ur(eV) = 0[3]
F Faraday constant F = 9.648533212...×104 C⋅mol−1 ur(F) = 0[4]
G Newtonian constant of gravitation G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2 ur(G) = 2.2×10−5[5]
G0 conductance quantum G0 = 7.748091729...×10−5 S ur(G0) = 0[6]
G0inv inverse conductance quantum G0−1 = 12906.40372... Ω ur(G0−1) = 0[7]
GF/hbarc3 Fermi coupling constant GF/⁠(ħc)3 = 1.1663787(6)×10−5 GeV−2 ur(GF/⁠(ħc)3) = 5.1×10−7[8]
h Planck constant h = 6.62607015×10−34 J⋅Hz−1 ur(h) = 0[9]
h_eV/Hz Planck constant in eV/⁠Hz h = 4.135667696...×10−15 eV⋅Hz−1 ur(h) = 0[10]
hbar reduced Planck constant ħ = 1.054571817...×10−34 J⋅s ur(ħ) = 0[11]
hbar_eVs reduced Planck constant in eV⋅s ħ = 6.582119569...×10−16 eV⋅s ur(ħ) = 0[12]
k Boltzmann constant k = 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1 ur(k) = 0[13]
KJ Josephson constant KJ = 483597.8484...×109 Hz⋅V−1 ur(KJ) = 0[14]
NA Avogadro constant NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1 ur(NA) = 0[15]
NAh molar Planck constant NAh = 3.990312712...×10−10 J⋅Hz−1⋅mol−1 ur(NAh) = 0[16]
RK von Klitzing constant RK = 25812.80745... Ω ur(RK) = 0[17]
Z0 characteristic impedance of vacuum Z0 = 376.730313412(59) Ω ur(Z0) = 1.6×10−10[18]
alpha fine-structure constant α = 0.0072973525643(11) ur(α) = 1.6×10−10[19]
alphainv inverse fine-structure constant α−1 = 137.035999177(21) ur(α−1) = 1.6×10−10[20]
eps0 vacuum electric permittivity ε0 = 8.8541878188(14)×10−12 F⋅m−1 ur(ε0) = 1.6×10−10[21]
sin2thW sine-square weak mixing angle sin2θW = 0.22305(23) ur(sin2θW) = 1.0×10−3[22]
mu0 vacuum magnetic permeability μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2 ur(μ0) = 1.6×10−10[23]
Phi0 magnetic flux quantum Φ0 = 2.067833848...×10−15 Wb ur(Φ0) = 0[24]
Thermal radiation
bwien Wien wavelength displacement law constant b = 2.897771955...×10−3 m⋅K ur(b) = 0[25]
bwien' Wien frequency displacement law constant b′ = 5.878925757...×1010 Hz⋅K−1 ur(b′) = 0[26]
c1 first radiation constant c1 = 3.741771852...×10−16 W⋅m2 ur(c1) = 0[27]
c1L first radiation constant for spectral radiance c1L = 1.191042972...×10−16 W⋅m2⋅sr−1 ur(c1L) = 0[28]
c2 second radiation constant c2 = 1.438776877...×10−2 m⋅K ur(c2) = 0[29]
sigma Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.670374419...×10−8 W⋅m−2⋅K−4 ur(σ) = 0[30]
Particle-related values
asil lattice parameter of silicon a = 5.431020511(89)×10−10 m ur(a) = 1.6×10−8[31]
a0 Bohr radius a0 = 5.29177210544(82)×10−11 m ur(a0) = 1.6×10−10[32]
ae electron magnetic moment anomaly ae = 0.00115965218046(18) ur(ae) = 1.6×10−10[33]
Ar(d) deuteron relative atomic mass Ar(d) = 2.013553212544(15) ur(Ar(d)) = 7.4×10−12[34]
Ar(e) electron relative atomic mass Ar(e) = 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 ur(Ar(e)) = 1.8×10−11[35]
Ar(h) helion relative atomic mass Ar(h) = 3.014932246932(74) ur(Ar(h)) = 2.5×10−11[36]
Ar(n) neutron relative atomic mass Ar(n) = 1.00866491606(40) ur(Ar(n)) = 4.0×10−10[37]
Ar(p) proton relative atomic mass Ar(p) = 1.0072764665789(83) ur(Ar(p)) = 8.3×10−12[38]
Ar(t) triton relative atomic mass Ar(t) = 3.01550071597(10) ur(Ar(t)) = 3.4×10−11[39]
Ar(alpha) alpha particle relative atomic mass Ar(α) = 4.001506179129(62) ur(Ar(α)) = 1.6×10−11[40]
-e/me electron charge-to-mass ratio −e/⁠me = −1.75882000838(55)×1011 C⋅kg−1 ur(−e/⁠me) = 3.1×10−10[41]
Eh Hartree energy Eh = 4.3597447222060(48)×10−18 J ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[42]
Eh_eV Hartree energy in eV Eh = 27.211386245981(30) eV ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[43]
ge electron g-factor ge− = −2.00231930436092(36) ur(ge−) = 1.8×10−13[44]
gn neutron g-factor gn = −3.82608552(90) ur(gn) = 2.4×10−7[45]
gp proton g-factor gp = 5.5856946893(16) ur(gp) = 2.9×10−10[46]
gmu muon g-factor gμ− = −2.00233184123(82) ur(gμ−) = 4.1×10−10[47]
h/2me quantum of circulation πħ/⁠me = 3.6369475467(11)×10−4 m2⋅s−1 ur(πħ/⁠me) = 3.1×10−10[48]
md deuteron mass md = 3.3435837768(10)×10−27 kg ur(md) = 3.1×10−10[49]
md_Da deuteron mass in daltons md = 2.013553212544(15) Da ur(md) = 7.4×10−12[50]
me electron mass me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg ur(me) = 3.1×10−10[51]
me_Da electron mass in daltons me = 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 Da ur(me) = 1.8×10−11[52]
me/mp electron-to-proton mass ratio me/mp = 0.0005446170214889(94) ur(me/mp) = 1.7×10−11[53]
me/mmu electron-to-muon mass ratio me/⁠mμ = 0.00483633170(11) ur(me/⁠mμ) = 2.2×10−8[54]
mec2 electron mass energy equivalent mec2 = 8.1871057880(26)×10−14 J ur(mec2) = 3.1×10−10[55]
mec2_MeV electron mass energy equivalent in MeV mec2 = 0.51099895069(16) MeV ur(mec2) = 3.1×10−10[56]
mh helion mass mh = 5.0064127862(16)×10−27 kg ur(mh) = 3.1×10−10[57]
mh_Da helion mass in daltons mh = 3.014932246932(74) Da ur(mh) = 2.5×10−11[58]
mn neutron mass mn = 1.67492750056(85)×10−27 kg ur(mn) = 5.1×10−10[59]
mn_Da neutron mass in daltons mn = 1.00866491606(40) Da ur(mn) = 4.0×10−10[60]
mnc2 neutron mass energy equivalent mnc2 = 1.50534976514(76)×10−10 J ur(mnc2) = 5.1×10−10[61]
mnc2_MeV neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV mnc2 = 939.56542194(48) MeV ur(mnc2) = 5.1×10−10[62]
mp proton mass mp = 1.67262192595(52)×10−27 kg ur(mp) = 3.1×10−10[63]
mp_Da proton mass in daltons mp = 1.0072764665789(83) Da ur(mp) = 8.3×10−12[64]
mp/me proton-to-electron mass ratio mp/⁠me = 1836.152673426(32) ur(mp/⁠me) = 1.7×10−11[65]
mpc2 proton mass energy equivalent mpc2 = 1.50327761802(47)×10−10 J ur(mpc2) = 3.1×10−10[66]
mpc2_MeV proton mass energy equivalent in MeV mpc2 = 938.27208943(29) MeV ur(mpc2) = 3.1×10−10[67]
mu atomic mass constant mu = 1.66053906892(52)×10−27 kg ur(mu) = 3.1×10−10[68]
muc2 atomic mass constant energy equivalent muc2 = 1.49241808768(46)×10−10 J ur(muc2) = 3.1×10−10[69]
muc2_MeV atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV muc2 = 931.49410372(29) MeV ur(muc2) = 3.1×10−10[70]
mW/mZ W-to-Z mass ratio mW/⁠mZ = 0.88145(13) ur(mW/⁠mZ) = 1.5×10−4[71]
malpha alpha particle mass mα = 6.6446573450(21)×10−27 kg ur(mα) = 3.1×10−10[72]
malpha_Da alpha particle mass in daltons mα = 4.001506179129(62) Da ur(mα) = 1.6×10−11[73]
malphac2_GeV alpha particle mass energy equivalent in GeV mαc2 = 3.7273794118(11) GeV ur(mαc2) = 3.0×10−10[74]
mmu muon mass mμ = 1.883531627(42)×10−28 kg ur(mμ) = 2.2×10−8[75]
mmu_Da muon mass in daltons mμ = 0.1134289257(22) Da ur(mμ) = 2.2×10−8[76]
mmu/me muon-to-electron mass ratio mμ/⁠me = 206.7682827(46) ur(mμ/⁠me) = 2.2×10−8[77]
mmuc2 muon mass energy equivalent mμc2 = 1.692833804(38)×10−11 J ur(mμc2) = 2.2×10−8[78]
mmuc2_MeV muon mass energy equivalent in MeV mμc2 = 105.6583755(23) MeV ur(mμc2) = 2.2×10−8[79]
mtau tau mass mτ = 3.16754(21)×10−27 kg ur(mτ) = 6.8×10−5[80]
mtau_Da tau mass in daltons mτ = 1.90754(13) Da ur(mτ) = 6.8×10−5[81]
mtau/me tau-to-electron mass ratio mτ/⁠me = 3477.23(23) ur(mτ/⁠me) = 6.8×10−5[82]
mtau/mmu tau-to-muon mass ratio mτ/⁠mμ = 16.8170(11) ur(mτ/⁠mμ) = 6.8×10−5[83]
mtauc2 tau mass energy equivalent mτc2 = 2.84684(19)×10−10 J ur(mτc2) = 6.8×10−5[84]
mtauc2_MeV tau mass energy equivalent in MeV mτc2 = 1776.86(12) MeV ur(mτc2) = 6.8×10−5[85]
MC12 molar mass of carbon-12 M(12C) = 12.0000000126(37)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1 ur(M(12C)) = 3.1×10−10[86]
Mu molar mass constant Mu = 1.00000000105(31)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1 ur(Mu) = 3.1×10−10[87]
rd deuteron rms charge radius rd = 2.12778(27)×10−15 m ur(rd) = 1.3×10−4[88]
re classical electron radius re = 2.8179403205(13)×10−15 m ur(re) = 4.7×10−10[89]
rp proton root-mean-square charge radius rp = 8.4075(64)×10−16 m ur(rp) = 7.4×10−4[90]
R molar gas constant R = 8.314462618... J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 ur(R) = 0[91]
Rinf Rydberg constant R∞ = 10973731.568157(12) m−1 ur(R∞) = 1.1×10−12[92]
Rinfc Rydberg frequency R∞c = 3.2898419602500(36)×1015 Hz ur(R∞c) = 1.1×10−12[93]
Rinfhc Rydberg unit of energy R∞hc = 2.1798723611030(24)×10−18 J ur(R∞hc) = 1.1×10−12[94]
Rinfhc_eV Rydberg unit of energy in eV R∞hc = 13.605693122990(15) eV ur(R∞hc) = 1.1×10−12[95]
VmSi molar volume of silicon Vm(Si) = 1.205883199(60)×10−5 m3⋅mol−1 ur(Vm(Si)) = 4.9×10−8[96]
gammae electron gyromagnetic ratio γe = −1.76085962784(55)×1011 s−1⋅T−1 ur(γe) = 3.1×10−10[97]
gammabare electron Larmor frequency to magnetic flux density ratio γe/⁠2π = −28024.9513861(87) MHz⋅T−1 ur(γe/⁠2π) = 3.1×10−10[98]
gamman neutron gyromagnetic ratio γn = −1.83247174(43)×108 s−1⋅T−1 ur(γn) = 2.4×10−7[99]
gammabarn neutron Larmor frequency to magnetic flux density ratio γn/⁠2π = −29.1646935(69) MHz⋅T−1 ur(γn/⁠2π) = 2.4×10−7[100]
gammap proton gyromagnetic ratio γp = 2.6752218708(11)×108 s−1⋅T−1 ur(γp) = 4.3×10−10[101]
gammabarp proton Larmor frequency to magnetic flux density ratio γp/⁠2π = 42.577478461(18) MHz⋅T−1 ur(γp/⁠2π) = 4.3×10−10[102]
DnuCs hyperfine structure transition frequency of caesium-133 Δν(133Cs)hfs = 9192631770 Hz ur(Δν(133Cs)hfs) = 0[103]
muB Bohr magneton μB = 9.2740100657(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1 ur(μB) = 3.1×10−10[104]
mue electron magnetic moment μe = −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1 ur(μe) = 3.1×10−10[105]
mue/muB electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio μe/⁠μB = −1.00115965218046(18) ur(μe/⁠μB) = 1.8×10−13[106]
mun neutron magnetic moment μn = −9.6623653(23)×10−27 J⋅T−1 ur(μn) = 2.4×10−7[107]
mun/muN neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio μn/⁠μN = −1.91304276(45) ur(μn/⁠μN) = 2.4×10−7[108]
muN nuclear magneton μN = 5.0507837393(16)×10−27 J⋅T−1 ur(μN) = 3.1×10−10[109]
mup proton magnetic moment μp = 1.41060679545(60)×10−26 J⋅T−1 ur(μp) = 4.3×10−10[110]
mup/muB proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio μp/⁠μB = 0.00152103220230(45) ur(μp/⁠μB) = 3.0×10−10[111]
mup/muN proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio μp/⁠μN = 2.79284734463(82) ur(μp/⁠μN) = 2.9×10−10[112]
mumu muon magnetic moment μμ = −4.49044830(18)×10−26 J⋅T−1 ur(μμ) = 2.2×10−8[113]
sigmae electron Thomson cross section σe = 6.6524587051(62)×10−29 m2 ur(σe) = 9.3×10−10[114]
Conventional electrical units
KJ90 conventional value of Josephson constant KJ-90 = 483597.9×109 Hz⋅V−1 ur(KJ-90) = 0[115]
RK90 conventional value of von Klitzing constant RK-90 = 25812.807 Ω ur(RK-90) = 0[116]
A90 conventional ampere A90 = 1.00000008887... A ur(A90) = 0[117]
C90 conventional coulomb C90 = 1.00000008887... C ur(C90) = 0[118]
F90 conventional farad F90 = 0.99999998220... F ur(F90) = 0[119]
H90 conventional henry H90 = 1.00000001779... H ur(H90) = 0[120]
V90 conventional volt V90 = 1.00000010666... V ur(V90) = 0[121]
W90 conventional watt W90 = 1.00000019553... W ur(W90) = 0[122]
ohm90 conventional ohm Ω90 = 1.00000001779... Ω ur(Ω90) = 0[123]
Atomic units
aulen atomic unit of length a0 = 5.29177210544(82)×10−11 m ur(a0) = 1.6×10−10[124]
autime atomic unit of time ħ/⁠Eh = 2.4188843265864(26)×10−17 s ur(ħ/⁠Eh) = 1.1×10−12[125]
auvel atomic unit of velocity a0Eh/ħ = 2.18769126216(34)×106 m⋅s−1 ur(a0Eh/ħ) = 1.6×10−10[126]
aumass atomic unit of mass me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg ur(me) = 3.1×10−10[127]
aumom atomic unit of momentum ħ/⁠a0 = 1.99285191545(31)×10−24 kg⋅m⋅s−1 ur(ħ/⁠a0) = 1.6×10−10[128]
auener atomic unit of energy Eh = 4.3597447222060(48)×10−18 J ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[129]
auforce atomic unit of force Eh/⁠a0 = 8.2387235038(13)×10−8 N ur(Eh/⁠a0) = 1.6×10−10[130]
auact atomic unit of action ħ = 1.054571817...×10−34 J⋅s ur(ħ) = 0[131]
auec atomic unit of electric charge e = 1.602176634×10−19 C ur(e) = 0[132]
auedm atomic unit of electric dipole moment ea0 = 8.4783536198(13)×10−30 C⋅m ur(ea0) = 1.6×10−10[133]
aueqm atomic unit of electric quadrupole moment ea02 = 4.4865515185(14)×10−40 C⋅m2 ur(ea02) = 3.1×10−10[134]
auecd atomic unit of electric charge density e/⁠a03 = 1.08120238677(51)×1012 C⋅m−3 ur(e/⁠a03) = 0[135]
aucur atomic unit of electric current eEh/⁠ħ = 6.6236182375082(72)×10−3 A ur(eEh/⁠ħ) = 1.1×10−12[136]
auepot atomic unit of electric potential Eh/⁠e = 27.211386245981(30) V ur(Eh/⁠e) = 1.1×10−12[137]
auef atomic unit of electric field Eh/⁠ea0 = 5.14220675112(80)×1011 V⋅m−1 ur(Eh/⁠ea0) = 1.6×10−10[138]
auefg atomic unit of electric field gradient Eh/⁠ea02 = 9.7173624424(30)×1021 V⋅m−2 ur(Eh/⁠ea02) = 3.1×10−10[139]
auperm atomic unit of permittivity e2/a0Eh = 1.11265005620(17)×10−10 F⋅m−1 ur(e2/a0Eh) = 1.6×10−10[140]
auepol atomic unit of electric polarizability e2a02/⁠Eh = 1.64877727212(51)×10−41 C2⋅m2⋅J−1 ur(e2a02/⁠Eh) = 3.1×10−10[141]
au1hypol atomic unit of 1st hyperpolarizability e3a03/⁠Eh2 = 3.2063612996(15)×10−53 C3⋅m3⋅J−2 ur(e3a03/⁠Eh2) = 4.7×10−10[142]
au2hypol atomic unit of 2nd hyperpolarizability e4a04/⁠Eh3 = 6.2353799735(39)×10−65 C4⋅m4⋅J−3 ur(e4a04/⁠Eh3) = 6.2×10−10[143]
aumfd atomic unit of magnetic flux density ħ/⁠ea02 = 2.35051757077(73)×105 T ur(ħ/⁠ea02) = 3.1×10−10[144]
aumdm atomic unit of magnetic dipole moment ħe/⁠me = 1.85480201315(58)×10−23 J⋅T−1 ur(ħe/⁠me) = 3.1×10−10[145]
aumag atomic unit of magnetizability e2a02/⁠me = 7.8910365794(49)×10−29 J⋅T−2 ur(e2a02/⁠me) = 6.2×10−10[146]
Planck units
lP Planck length lP = 1.616255(18)×10−35 m ur(lP) = 1.1×10−5[147]
tP Planck time tP = 5.391247(60)×10−44 s ur(tP) = 1.1×10−5[148]
mP Planck mass mP = 2.176434(24)×10−8 kg ur(mP) = 1.1×10−5[149]
TP Planck temperature TP = 1.416784(16)×1032 K ur(TP) = 1.1×10−5[150]
Standard values
atm standard atmosphere atm = 101325 Pa ur(atm) = 0[151]
g0 standard acceleration of gravity g0 = 9.80665 m⋅s−2 ur(g0) = 0[152]

Examples

แก้

{{Physical constants|c|unit=no|after= [[metre per second|metres per second]].}}

299792458 metres per second.[1]

{{Physical constants|mu0|symbol=yes}}

μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2[23]

{{Physical constants|G|symbol=yes}}

G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2[5]

{{Physical constants|hbar|round=2|symbol=yes}}

ħ ≈ 1.05×10−34 J⋅s[11]

The relative standard uncertainty of ''m''<sub>u</sub> is {{Physical constants|mu|runc=yes|after=.}}

The relative standard uncertainty of mu is 3.1×10−10.[68]

For the electron mass, {{Physical constants|me|runc=yes|symbol=yes|ref=no}}.

For the electron mass, ur(me) = 3.1×10−10.

NIST publishes the CODATA value of the [[elementary charge]].{{Physical constants|e|ref=only}}

NIST publishes the CODATA value of the elementary charge.[2]

ดูเพิ่ม

แก้
  • /data, the subtemplate that holds all of the data

อ้างอิง

แก้
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "2022 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2022 CODATA Value: elementary charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  3. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron volt". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  4. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Faraday constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  6. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conductance quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  7. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: inverse of conductance quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  8. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Fermi coupling constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  9. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  10. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck constant in eV/Hz". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "2022 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  12. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant in eV s". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  13. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  14. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Josephson constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  15. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Avogadro constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  16. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: molar Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  17. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: von Klitzing constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  18. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: characteristic impedance of vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  19. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  20. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  21. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  22. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: weak mixing angle". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "2022 CODATA Value: vacuum magnetic permeability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  24. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: magnetic flux quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  25. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Wien wavelength displacement law constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  26. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Wien frequency displacement law constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  27. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: first radiation constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  28. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: first radiation constant for spectral radiance". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  29. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: second radiation constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  30. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  31. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: lattice parameter of silicon". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  32. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  33. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment anomaly". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  34. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  35. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  36. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: helion relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  37. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neuton relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  38. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  39. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: triton relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  40. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  41. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron charge to mass quotient". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  42. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Hartree energy". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  43. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Hartree energy in eV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  44. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  45. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  46. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  47. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  48. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: quantum of circulation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  49. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  50. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  51. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  52. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  53. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron-proton mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  54. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron-muon mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  55. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  56. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  57. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: helion mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  58. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: helion mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  59. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  60. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  61. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  62. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  63. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  64. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  65. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  66. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  67. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  69. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  70. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  71. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: W to Z mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  72. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  73. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  74. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  75. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  76. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  77. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  78. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  79. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  80. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  81. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  82. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: tau-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  83. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: tau-muon mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  84. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  85. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: tau energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  86. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  87. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: molar mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  88. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  89. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: classical electron radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  90. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  91. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: molar gas constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  92. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  93. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times c in Hz". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  94. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times hc in J". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  95. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times hc in eV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  96. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  97. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  98. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  99. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  100. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  101. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  102. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  103. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  104. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  105. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  106. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  107. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  108. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  109. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: nuclear magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  110. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  111. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  112. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  113. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: muon magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  114. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Thomson cross section". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  115. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of Josephson constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  116. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of von Klitzing constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  117. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of ampere-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  118. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of coulomb-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  119. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of farad-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  120. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of henry-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  121. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of volt-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  122. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of watt-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  123. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of ohm-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  124. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of length". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  125. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  126. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of velocity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  127. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  128. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of momentum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  129. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of energy". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  130. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of force". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  131. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of action". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  132. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  133. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric dipole moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  134. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric quadrupole moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  135. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of charge density". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  136. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of current". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  137. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric potential". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  138. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric field". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  139. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric field gradient". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  140. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of permittivity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  141. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric polarizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  142. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of 1st hyperpolarizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  143. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of 2nd hyperpolarizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  144. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of magnetic flux density". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  145. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of magnetic dipole moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  146. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of magnetizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  147. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck length". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  148. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  149. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  150. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck temperature". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  151. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: standard atmosphere". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
  152. ↑ "2022 CODATA Value: standard acceleration of gravity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2024-05-18.
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