ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ชาวไวกิง"
เนื้อหาที่ลบ เนื้อหาที่เพิ่ม
ไม่มีความย่อการแก้ไข |
|||
บรรทัด 17:
ช่วงเวลาที่นับเป็นยุคไวกิง อยู่ระหว่าง [[ค.ศ. 793]] - [[ค.ศ. 1066]] ซึ่งสิ้นสุดยุคประมาณระหว่าง[[ยุคเชียงแสน]]และ[[หริภุญชัย]] หรือก่อนสถาปนา[[ราชวงศ์พระร่วง]]โดย[[พ่อขุนศรีอินทราทิตย์]] ([[ค.ศ. 1249]]) 183 ปี
==History==
===ยุคไวกิง===
{{Main|ยุคไวกิง}}
[[File:Wikinger.jpg|thumb|[[ชนเดนส์]]เดินเรือเพื่อรุกรานราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ [[เอกสารตัวเขียนสีวิจิตร]]จากคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12 ''เรื่องปกิณกะของชีวิตแห่งนักบุญเอ็ดมันด์'' ([[ห้องสมุดเพียร์พอนต์ มอร์แกน]])]]
จากบันทึก ในช่วงเวลาคริสต์ทศวรรษ 790 จนถึง[[การพิชิตอังกฤษของชาวนอร์มัน]]ในปี ค.ศ. 1066 ถือว่าเป็นยุคไวกิงในประวัติศาสตร์ของสแกนดิเนเวีย<ref>Peter Sawyer, ''The Viking Expansion'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Issue 1] (Knut Helle, ed., 2003), p.105.</ref> ชาวไวกิงได้ใช้[[ทะเลนอร์วีเจียน]]และ[[ทะเลบอลติก]]เป็นเส้นทางมุ่งสู่ทางใต้และแผ่อิทธิพลลงมาถึง[[ดัชชีนอร์ม็องดี]]ช่วงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 10 ก่อนสืบเชื้อสายกลายเป็นชาว[[นอร์มัน]] สำหรับผู้สืบเชื้อสายไวกิงที่งมีอิทธิพลในยุโรปเหนือในยุคนั้น ได้แก่ [[พระเจ้าฮาโรลด์ กอดวินสัน]] กษัตริย์แองโกล-แซกซันองค์สุดท้ายแห่งราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษผู้มีบรรพบุรุษเป็นชาวเดนมาร์ก และสองชาวไวกิงที่ขึ้นครองบัลลังก์ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ [[พระเจ้าสเวน ฟอร์กเบียร์ด]]ผู้ครองบัลลังก์ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1013-1014 และพระราชโอรส [[พระเจ้าคนุตมหาราช]]ผู้ครองบัลลังก์ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1016-1035<ref name="Lund">Lund, Niels (2001). "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age", ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings''. Ed. P. H. Sawyer. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 167–181. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.</ref><ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Sweyn.aspx The Royal Household, "Sweyn"], ''The official Website of The British Monarchy'', 15 March 2015, accessed 15 March 2015</ref><ref name="Lawson">Lawson, M K (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016-35". The History Press Ltd, 2005, ISBN 978-0582059702.</ref><ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/CanutetheGreat.aspx The Royal Household, "Canute The Great"], ''The official Website of The British Monarchy'', 15 March 2015, accessed 15 March 2015</ref><ref name="Badsey et al.">Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd, 2000, ISBN 1-903025-00-1.</ref>
ในเชิงภูมิศาสตร์ ยุคไวกิงไม่เพียงจำกัดอยู่ในดินแดนสแกนดิเนเวีย (ประเทศเดนมาร์ก, ประเทศนอร์เวย์ และประเทศสวีเดน) เท่านั้น แต่ยังรวมถึงดินแดนเขตปกครอง[[กลุ่มชนเจอร์แมนิก|เจอร์แมนิกเหนือ]] [[เดนลอว์]] [[สแกนดิเนเวียนยอร์ก]] ศูนย์กลางการปกครองที่เหลืออยู่ของ[[ราชอาณาจักรนอร์ทัมเบรีย]]<ref>[http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html "History of Northumbria: Viking era 866 AD–1066 AD"] www.englandnortheast.co.uk.</ref> บางส่วนของ[[ราชอาณาจักรเมอร์เซีย]] และ[[ราชอาณาจักรอีสต์แองเกลีย]]<ref>Toyne, Stanley Mease. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yvGt8gfBlEIC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Viking+Age+East+Anglia&source=bl&ots=chkBibhiGs&sig=NX79_9WHb2BL7ctaNdj1L1D93f8&hl=en&ei=f28eS-aUHovkswPr4v36CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CCkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Viking%20Age%20East%20Anglia&f=false ''The Scandinavians in history''] Pg.27. 1970.</ref> นอกจากนี้ ชาวไวกิ้งยังได้เปิดหนทางใหม่สู่ดินแดนตอนเหนือ ตะวันตก และตะวันออกส่งผลให้เกิดการตั้งถิ่นฐานเป็นอิสระขึ้นใน[[เชทแลนด์]] [[ออร์กนีย์]] และ [[หมู่เกาะแฟโร]]ใน[[ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์]] [[กรีนแลนด์]]<ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/ The Fate of Greenland's Vikings], by Dale Mackenzie Brown, ''Archaeological Institute of America'', 28 February 2000</ref> และ[[แลนโซเมโดส์]] มีการตั้งถิ่นฐานในช่วงเวลาสั้นๆใน[[รัฐนิวฟันด์แลนด์และแลบราดอร์]]<ref>{{cite journal|title= The Norse discovery of America|pmid=16331154|date=4 April 2012 |volume=57 |journal=Neurosurgery |pages=1076–87; discussion 1076–87 |author=Langmoen IA}}</ref> ซึ่งอาจเป็นความบังเอิญโดยไม่ตั้งใจของลูกเรือ และนิคมกรีนแลนด์อาจถูกทิ้งร้างเพราะ[[การเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/05/31/climate-change-froze-the-vikings-out-of-greenland-say-scientists/#.UV_rr1eSnlw|title=Climate change froze Vikings out of Greenland|last=Ross|first=Valerie|date=31 May 2011|work=Discover|publisher=Kalmback Publishing|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> ราชวงค์ชาวไวกิง รูลิคได้ครองดินแดน[[ชาวสลาฟ|สลาฟ]]และเขตปกครองฟินโน-ยูกริกในยุโรปตะวันออกและผนวก[[เคียฟ]]ในปี ค.ศ. 882 ภายใต้[[จักรวรรดิเคียฟรุส]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512998/Rurik-Dynasty Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers)] Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref>
<!--As early as 839, when Swedish emissaries are first known to have visited Byzantium, Scandinavians served as mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine Empire.<ref>Hall, p. 98</ref> In the late 10th century, a new unit of the imperial bodyguard formed. Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the [[Varangian]] Guard. The word ''Varangian'' may have originated in Old Norse, but in Slavic and Greek it could refer either to Scandinavians or Franks. The most eminent Scandinavian to serve in the Varangian Guard was [[Harald Hardrada]], who subsequently established himself as king of Norway (1047–66).
There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached [[Baghdad]], the centre of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Islamic Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0217_040217_vikings.html |title=Vikings' Barbaric Bad Rap Beginning to Fade |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> The Norse regularly plied the [[Volga]] with their trade goods: furs, tusks, seal fat for boat sealant, and [[slaves]]. Important trading ports during the period include [[Birka]], [[Hedeby]], [[Kaupang]], [[Jorvik]], [[Staraya Ladoga]], [[Novgorod]], and [[Kiev]].
Generally speaking, the Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and Greenland; the Danes to England and France, settling in the Danelaw (northern/eastern England) and [[Normandy]]; and the Swedes to the east, founding Kievan Rus'. Among the Swedish runestones mentioning expeditions overseas, almost half tell of raids and travels to western Europe. According to the Icelandic sagas, many Norwegian Vikings also went to eastern Europe. In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known only for the later part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand-in-hand with their [[Christianisation]]. Thus the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages.
===Viking expansion===
{{Main article|Viking expansion}}
[[File:WikingerKarte.jpg|thumb|300px|Travels of the Vikings]]
The Viking experience throughout the [[north Atlantic]] was mainly about settlement with Iceland quickly becoming its most important [[colony]]. It is believed Iceland was colonised circa 870-930 but first settlers in Landnamark not recorded until 1100.<ref>Jones, Gwyn, A history of the Vikings (Oxford 2001)</ref> The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic, ventured south to North Africa and east to Russia, Constantinople, and the Middle East.<ref name=NatRus/><ref name=NatJourneys/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rodin.uca.es:8081/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10498/7881/18385953.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Los vikingos en Al-Andalus (abstract available in English) |publisher=Jesús Riosalido|year=1997 |accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref> They raided and pillaged, but also engaged in trade, settled wide-ranging colonies, and acted as mercenaries.<ref>John Haywood: ''Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings'', Penguin (1996). Detailed maps of Viking settlements in Scotland, Ireland, England, Iceland and Normandy.</ref>
Initially, early Vikings would have returned home after their raids. It wasn't until later in their history that they began to settle in other lands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wNOt9BJh080C&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=vikings+ph+sawyer&ots=pI9KciECqd&sig=FqoAbL_rxcfeoNFY15o-hUeltZE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=vikings%20ph%20sawyer&f=false|title=Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700–1100|last=Sawyer|first=P. H.|date=2013-04-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134947775|language=en}}</ref> Vikings under [[Leif Ericson]], heir to [[Erik the Red]], reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day [[L'Anse aux Meadows]], Newfoundland, and Labrador, Canada. This expansion occurred during the [[Medieval Warm Period]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haine|first=Thomas|date=2008-03-01|title=What did the Viking discoverers of America know of the North Atlantic Environment?|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.150/abstract|journal=Weather|language=en|volume=63|issue=3|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/wea.150|issn=1477-8696}}</ref>
Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited. Their realm was bordered by powerful cultures to the south. Early on it was the [[Saxons]], who occupied [[Old Saxony]], located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] constructed the huge defence fortification of [[Danevirke]] in and around [[Hedeby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/sensational-discovery-archeologists-find-gateway-to-the-viking-empire-a-714235.html
|title= 'Sensational' Discovery: Archeologists Find Gateway to the Viking Empire
|publisher=Spiegel Online International
|author=Matthias Schulz
|date=27 August 2010
|accessdate=27 February 2014}}</ref>
The Vikings soon witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by [[Charlemagne]], in the thirty-year [[Saxon Wars]] in 772-804. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the [[Carolingian Empire]]. Fear of the [[Franks]] led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke, and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until 1864.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/dannevirke/
|title = Dannevirke |language= Danish |website = danmarkshistorien.dk |publisher = Aarhus University |author = Lotte Flugt Kold |date = 3 November 2014 |accessdate = 20 December 2014}}</ref> The south coast of the Baltic Sea was ruled by the [[Obotrites]], a federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the [[Frankish empire]]. The Vikings—led by [[King Gudfred]]—destroyed the Obotrite city of [[Reric]] on the southern Baltic coast in 808 AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Näsman|first=Ulf|date=2000-11-01|title=Raids, Migrations, and Kingdoms|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0390.2000.d01-1.x/abstract|journal=Acta Archaeologica|language=en|volume=71|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0390.2000.d01-1.x|issn=1600-0390}}</ref> This secured their supremacy in the Baltic Sea, which remained throughout the Viking Age.
====Motives====
The motives driving the Viking expansion are a topic of much debate in Nordic history. One common theory posits that [[Charlemagne]] "used force and terror to Christianise all pagans", leading to baptism, conversion or execution, and as a result, Vikings and other pagans resisted and wanted revenge.<ref name="Rudolf Simek 2005, pp. 24">Rudolf Simek, "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII–XI century—the new discoveries of archaeology", other, 2005, pp. 24–25</ref><ref>Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th–8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)</ref><ref name = "annals R.20">"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Peter Sawyer, "The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings", 2001, p. 20</ref><ref>Dictionnaire d'histoire de France, Perrin, Alain Decaux and André Castelot, 1981, pages 184/185. ISBN 2-7242-3080-9.</ref><ref>"the Vikings" R.Boyer history, myths, dictionary, Robert Laffont several 2008, p96 ISBN 978-2-221-10631-0</ref> Professor Rudolf Simek states that "it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne".<ref name="Rudolf Simek 2005, pp. 24"/><ref>[[François-Xavier Dillmann]], "Viking civilisation and culture. A bibliography of French-language ", Caen, Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest, University of Caen, 1975, p.19, and "Les Vikings: the Scandinavian and European 800–1200", 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe, 1992, p. 26</ref> The penetration of Christianity into Scandinavia led to serious conflict dividing Norway for almost a century.<ref>"History of the Kings of Norway" by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François-Xavier Dillmann, Gallimard ISBN 2-07-073211-8 pp. 15–16, 18, 24, 33–34, 38</ref>
[[File:Vikings exploration and territories-en.svg|thumb|300px|Viking settlements and voyages]]
Another explanation is that the Vikings exploited a moment of weakness in the surrounding regions. England suffered from internal divisions and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old [[trade route]]s could also have played a role. Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the [[Roman Empire]] fell in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Macauley Richardson |first=Lloyd |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/72831997.html |title=Books: Eurasian Exploration |work=Policy Review |publisher=Hoover Institution |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216043007/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/72831997.html |archivedate=2009-12-16}}</ref> The expansion of Islam in the 7th century had also affected trade with western Europe.<ref>Crone, Patricia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VWL-_hRsm2IC&dq=Islam+trade+Western+Europe+7th+century&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=x3QeS57kBo7ysQPZmvX9CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDAQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Meccan trade and the rise of Islam''] First Georgias Press. 2004.</ref>
Raids in Europe, including raids and settlements from Scandinavia, were not unprecedented and had occurred long before the Vikings arrived. The [[Jutes]] invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier, pouring out from [[Jutland]] during the [[Age of Migrations]], before the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] settled there. The [[Saxons]] and the [[Angles]] did the same, embarking from mainland Europe. The Viking raids were, however, the first to be documented in writing by eyewitnesses, and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/ |title=Viking expeditions and raids |publisher=National Museum of Denmark |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>
===End of the Viking Age===
During the Viking Age, Scandinavian men and women travelled to many parts of Europe and beyond, in a cultural diaspora that left its traces from Newfoundland to [[Byzantium]]. This period of energetic activity also had a pronounced effect in the Scandinavian homelands, which were subject to a variety of new influences.<ref>Roesdahl, pp. 295–7</ref> In the 300 years from the late 8th century, when contemporary chroniclers first commented on the appearance of Viking raiders, to the end of the 11th century, Scandinavia underwent profound cultural changes.
[[File:Blair A'Bhuailte and Loch Leum na Luirginn.jpg|thumb|[[Kilmuir, Skye|Blar a' Bhuailte]], the site of the Vikings' last stand in [[Skye]]]]
By the late 11th century, royal dynasties legitimised by the [[Catholic Church]] (which had had little influence in Scandinavia 300 years earlier) were asserting their power with increasing authority and ambition, and the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had taken shape. Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites, and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models.<ref>Gareth Williams, 'Kingship, Christianity and coinage: monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age', in ''Silver Economy in the Viking Age'', ed. James Graham-Campbell and Gareth Williams, pp. 177–214; ISBN 978-1-59874-222-0</ref> By this time the influx of Islamic silver from the East had been absent for more than a century, and the flow of English silver had come to an end in the mid-11th century.<ref>Roesdahl, pp. 296</ref> [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianity had taken root]] in Denmark and Norway with the establishment of dioceses during the 11th century, and the new religion was beginning to organise and assert itself more effectively in Sweden. Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity, which was now no longer operating only on a missionary footing, and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming. By 1103, the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia, at [[Lund]], Scania, then part of Denmark.
The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European Christendom altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas, and changed their relations with their neighbours. One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave-taking. The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves, so [[chattel slavery]] diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe. This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding, though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 11th century. Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly.
The kings of Norway continued to assert power in parts of northern Britain and Ireland, and raids continued into the 12th century, but the military ambitions of Scandinavian rulers were now directed toward new paths. In 1107, [[Sigurd I of Norway]] sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], and Danes and Swedes participated energetically in the [[Baltic Crusades]] of the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>The Northern Crusades: Second Edition by Eric Christiansen; ISBN 0-14-026653-4</ref>-->
==อ้างอิง==
{{รายการอ้างอิง}}
== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
| |||