ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิวิลเฮล์มที่ 2 แห่งเยอรมนี"
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บรรทัด 31:
หลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 1 ยุติลงใน ค.ศ. 1918 ไกเซอร์วิลเลียมที่ 2 ทรงสละราชสมบัติ และเสด็จไปประทับที่เนเธอร์แลนด์ จักรวรรดิเยอรมันซึ่งมีอายุ 48 ปีก็สลายตัวลง เปลี่ยนแปลงการปกครองเป็นแบบสาธารณรัฐ
== เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ==
{{iw-ref|it|Guglielmo II di Germania}}
;เยอรมนี
* Grand Master of the following Orders:
**[[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อินทรีดำ]]
**[[Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown]]
**[[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อินทรีแดง]]
**[[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์มงกุฎ (ปรัสเซีย)|เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์มงกุฎ]] (ปรัสเซีย)
**Royal [[House Order of Hohenzollern]]
**[[Pour le Mérite]]
**[[กางเขนเหล็ก]] and Knight Grand Cross
**[[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์เซนต์จอห์น (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)]]
* Knight of the [[Order of the Rue Crown]] (Saxony)
* Knight of the [[Order of Saint Hubert]] (Bavaria)
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Max Joseph]] (Bavaria)
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of St. Henry]] (Saxony)
* [[Hanseatic Cross]]es of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck
* [[Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)|Military Merit Cross]], 1st class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
* [[Friedrich Cross]], 1st class (Duchy of Anhalt)
;ต่างประเทศ
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ขนแกะทองคำ (สเปน)|เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ขนแกะทองคำ]] ({{flag|สเปน}})
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์การ์เตอร์]] ({{flag|สหราชอาณาจักร}}) – เรียกคีนเมื่อ ค.ศ. 1915
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์เซนต์แอนดรูว์]] ({{flag|รัสเซีย}})
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ช้าง]] ({{flag|เดนมาร์ก}})
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์เซราฟีม]] ({{flag|สวีเดน}})
* [[Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]] ({{flag|ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี}} ค.ศ. 1873)
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์มอรีสแอนด์ลัสรัส]] ({{flag|ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี}} ค.ศ. 1873)
* [[เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์มงกุฎแห่งอิตาลี]] ({{flag|ราชอาณาจักรอิตาลี}} ค.ศ. 1873)
* [[ครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์สิงโตนอร์เวย์]] ({{flag|นอร์เวย์}})
* [[Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius]] ({{flag|ราชอาณาจักรบัลแกเรีย}})
* Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the [[คณะทหารองค์อธิปัตย์แห่งมอลตา]]
== สารคดี และ ภาพยนตร์ ==
* ''[[William II. – The last days of the German Monarchy]]'' (original title: "Wilhelm II. – Die letzten Tage des Deutschen Kaiserreichs"), about the abdication and flight of the last German Kaiser. Germany/Belgium, 2007. Produced by seelmannfilm and German Television. Written and directed by [[Christoph Weinert]].{{Sfn | Weinert | 2007}}
*''Queen Victoria and the Crippled Kaiser'', [[Channel 4]], [[Secret History (TV series)|Secret History]] Series 13; first broadcast 17 November 2013
* [[Barry Foster (actor)|Barry Foster]] plays Wilhelm II in several episodes of the 1974 [[BBC Television|BBC TV]] series ''[[Fall of Eagles]]''.
* [[Rupert Julian]] played Wilhelm II in the 1918 Hollywood propaganda film ''[[The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin]]''.
* [[Robert Stadlober]] plays a young crown prince Wilhelm and friend of [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]] in the acclaimed 2006 film ''[[The Crown Prince]]'' ([[Kronprinz Rudolf]]).
== ดูเพิ่ม ==
* [[List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s]] – 28 มิถุนายน 1926
* [[Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive]]
* [[Rulers of Germany family tree]]. He was related to every other monarch of Germany.
* [[Wilhelminism]]
* [[Alesund#History|Alesund]], a Norwegian city rebuilt by Wilhelm II after it had been almost completely [[Alesund Fire|destroyed by fire]] in 1904.
== อ้างอิง ==
===เชิงอรรถ===
{{รายการอ้างอิง|30em}}
=== อัตชีวประวัติ ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | first1 = Nigel J | last1 = Ashton | first2 = Duco | last2 = Hellema | title = Hanging the Kaiser: Anglo-Dutch Relations and the Fate of Wilhelm II, 1918–20 | journal = Diplomacy & Statecraft | year = 2000 | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 53–78 | issn = 0959-2296 | doi = 10.1080/09592290008406157}}.
* {{Citation | last = Associated Press | url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E6DB153BE533A25755C1A9659C94619ED7CF | title = The Kaiser's Conference – Trying to Solve the Workingmen's Problem. Formal Organization of the Delegates in Berlin – Seeking a New Government Combination |publisher= [[The New York Times]] |date= 15 March 1890 |accessdate= 15 February 2012}}.
* {{Citation | first = Michael | last = Balfour | title = The Kaiser and his Times | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 1964}}.
* {{Citation | first = Volker Berghahn | contribution = Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany: The history of the German Empire, Past, present and Future | editor1-first = Annika | editor1-last = Mombauer | editor2-first = Wilhelm | editor2-last = Deist | title = The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-521-82408-8}}, 299 pp.; 12 scholar essays.
* {{Citation | last = Butler | first = David Allen | title = THE BURDEN OF GUILT: How Germany Shattered the Last Days of Peace, Summer 1914 | year = 2010 | publisher = Casemate Publishers | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FkMt49l3qkEC | accessdate = 15 July 2012 | isbn = 9781935149576}}.
* {{Citation | last = Carter | first = Miranda | title = George, Nicholas and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I | year = 2010}}.
* {{Citation | last = Cecil | first = Lamar | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23057779 | title = Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 | place = Chapel Hill | publisher = [[University of North Carolina Press]] | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-8078-1828-3}}.
* {{Citation | last = Cecil | first = Lamar | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105767371 | title = Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8078-2283-3 | author-mask = 8}}.
* {{Citation | first = Robert M | last = Clark, Jr | title = The Evangelical Knights of Saint John | place = Dallas, TX | year = 2003}}.
* {{Citation | last = Clay | first = Catrine | title = King Kaiser Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War | year = 2007}}, 432 pp.; popular narrative.
* {{Citation | first = Gordon A | last = Craig | title = Germany 1866–1945}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E04E7DB153BE533A25755C1A9659C94619ED7CF | place = London | format = [[PDF]] | title = Labor's Cause in Europe – The Kaiser's Conference and the English Strike. Vast Interests the Strike Involves – French Vandalism, Not German, Spoken from Necessity – Tirard's Fall | publisher = The New York Times | date = 15 March 1890 | last = F | first = H | accessdate = 15 February 2012}}.
* {{Citation | first = David | last = Fromkin | title = The King and The Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and Edward the Seventh, Secret Partners | publisher = The Penguin Press | year = 2008}}.
* {{Citation | last = Gauss | first = Christian | title = The German Emperor as shown in his public utterances | year = 1915 | place = New York | publisher = Scribner | url = http://www.archive.org/details/germanemperorass00gausuoft | accessdate = 18 February 2012}}.
* {{Citation | first = Walter | last = Goetz | title = Kaiser Wilhelm II. und die Deutsche Geschichtsschreibung | trans_title = Kaiser William II and German historiography | journal = Historische Zeitschrift |date=Feb 1955 | volume = 179 | issue = 1 | language = German}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/dailytel.html | title = The interview of the Emperor | first = William II | last = Hohenzollern | type = excerpt | publisher = [[London Daily Telegraph]] | date = 28 October 1908 }}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.archive.org/details/kaisersmemoirs001358mbp | title = My Memoirs: 1878–1918 | first = William II | last = Hohenzollern | publisher = Harper & bros. | year = 1922}}, Archive.org.
* {{Citation | author-link=Isabel V. Hull | first = Isabel V | last = Hull | title = The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 | year = 2004}}.
* {{Citation | first = Wolfgang | last = König | title = The Academy and the Engineering Sciences: an Unwelcome Royal Gift | journal = Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning and Policy | year = 2004 | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 359–77 | issn = 0026-4695 | doi = 10.1007/s11024-004-2111-x}}.
* {{Citation | first = William L | last = Langer | coauthors = et al. | title = Western Civilization | year = 1968}}
* {{Citation| last = Ludwig | first = Emil | title = Wilhelm Hohenzollern: The Last of the Kaisers | publisher = GP Putnam's Sons | place = New York | year = 1927 | isbn = 0-404-04067-5}}.
* {{Citation | last = Macdonogh | title = The Last Kaiser: William the Impetuous | place = London | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-84212-478-9}}.
* {{Citation | first = Gilbert | last = Martin | title = First World War | year = 1994}}.
* {{Citation | first = Robert K. | last = Massie | title = ''Dreadnought'' Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War | year = 1991}}.
* {{Citation | last = McLean | first = Roderick R | title = Kaiser Wilhelm II and the British Royal Family: Anglo-German Dynastic Relations in Political Context, 1890–1914 | journal = History | year = 2001 | volume = 86 | issue = 284 | pages = 478–502 | issn = 0018-2648 | doi = 10.1111/1468-229X.00202}}.
* {{Citation | last = New York Times | url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60810F93F5B13738DDDA10894DE405B838DF1D3&scp=1&sq=KAISER,%2025%20YEARS%20As%20ruler&st=cse |publisher= [[The New York Times]] | date= 8 June 1913 |accessdate= 22 February 2012 | title=KAISER, 25 YEARS A RULER, HAILED AS CHIEF PEACEMAKER; Men of Mark in and Out of His Dominions Write Exclusively for The New York Times Their High Opinion of His Work in Behalf of Peace and Progress During the Quarter Century That Has Elapsed Since He Became King of Prussia and German Emperor}}.
* {{Citation | last = Nipperdey | first = Thomas | title = Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918 | volume = 2: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie | year = 1992 | language = German}}, translated in {{Citation | first = Richard J | last = Evans | title = Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification, 1800–1996 | publisher = Routledge | year = 1997 | page = 39}}.
* {{Citation | first = Hannah | last = Pakula | title = The Empress Frederick | publisher = Touchstone | year = 1995}}
* {{Citation | first = Alan | last = Palmer | title = Bismarck | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1976}}.
* {{Citation | first = Alan | last = Palmer | title = The Kaiser: Warlord of the Second Reich | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1978}}.
* {{Citation | first = Jonathan | last = Petropoulos | title = Royals and the Reich | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2006}}.
* {{Citation | first = Lothar | last = Reinermann | title = Fleet Street and the Kaiser: British Public Opinion and Wilhelm II | journal = German History |date=Oct 2008 | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.1093/gerhis/ghn046 | pages = 469}}.
* {{Citation | editor1-last = Röhl | editor1-first = John CG | editor2-first = Nicholaus | editor2-last = Sombart | title = Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations − the Corfu Papers | place = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | origyear = 1982 | year = 2005}}.
* {{Citation | last = Röhl | first = John CG | title = Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's Early Life, 1859–1888 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1998}}.
* {{Citation | last = Röhl | first = John CG | author-mask = 8 | title = The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-521-81920-6 | asin = 0521819202}}, 1310 pp.
* {{Citation | last = Röhl | first = John CG | author-mask = 8 | title = The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-521-40223-9}}.
* {{Citation | first = Robert 'Rob' | last = Ruggenberg |url=http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-kaiser.html | title= How A German Soldier Still Loves His Dead Kaiser |publisher=Greatwar | place = NL | year = 1998 |accessdate=18 February 2012}}
* {{Citation | first = Klaus | last = Schwabe | title = Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and peacemaking, 1918–1919 | year = 1985}}.
* {{Citation | first = Guy Stair | last = Sainty | title = The Orders of Saint John | place = New York | publisher = The American Society of The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem | year = 1991}}
* {{Citation | first = John 'Jack' | last = Sweetman | title = The Unforgotten Crowns: The German Monarchist Movements, 1918–1945 | publisher = Emory University | type = dissertation | year = 1973}}.
* {{Citation | first = AJP | last = Taylor | title = Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman | year = 1967}}.
* {{Citation | trans_title = William II – The last days of the German Monarchy | title = Wilhelm II. – Die letzten Tage des Deutschen Kaiserreichs | place = Germany/Belgium | year = 2007 | publisher = seelmannfilm and German Television | author-link = Christoph Weinert | first = Christoph | last = Weinert | url = http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/specials/thementage/ard/150588/ | language = German}}.
* {{Citation | first = HP | last = Wilmott | title = The First World War | year = 2003 | publisher = Dorling-Kindersley | place = London}}.
{{refend}}
== หนังสืออ่านเพิ่มเติม ==
{{refbegin}}
* Clark, Christopher M. ''Kaiser Wilhelm II.'' (2000) 271 pp. short biography by scholar
* Eley, Geoff. "The View From The Throne: The Personal Rule of Kaiser Wilhelm II," ''Historical Journal,'' June 1985, Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp. 469–85.
* Kohut, Thomas A. ''Wilhelm II and the Germans: A Study in Leadership'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-506172-7.
* Mommsen, Wolfgang J. "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/260734 Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Politics]." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 1990 25(2–3): 289–316. ISSN 0022-0094.
* Otte, T.G., '' "The Winston of Germany": The British Elite and the Last German Emperor'' in Canadian Journal of History, XXXVI December 2001.
* Retallack, James. ''Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II'', Basingstoke: [[St. Martin's Press]], 1996. ISBN 978-0-333-59242-7.
* Van der Kiste, John. ''Kaiser Wilhelm II: Germany's Last Emperor'', Sutton Publishing, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7509-1941-8.
* Waite, Robert GL ''Kaiser and Führer: A Comparative Study of Personality and Politics'' (1998) 511 pp. Psychohistory comparing him to [[Adolf Hitler]].
{{refend}}
== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
{{commons category|Wilhelm II of Germany}}
* [https://archive.org/details/germanemperorass00gausuoft ''The German Emperor as shown in his public utterances'']
* {{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ywZoAAAAMAAJ | title = My Memoirs: 1878–1918 | first = William II | last = Hohenzolern | place = London | publisher = Cassell & Co | year = 1922}}, Google Books.
* [https://archive.org/details/germanemperorssp00willuoft ''The German emperor's speeches: being a selection from the speeches, edicts, letters, and telegrams of the Emperor William II'']
* [http://www.miragebookmark.ch/be_kaiser_wilh_ii.htm Commemorative Silk Bookmark] of William II from 1913.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=William II. of Germany|short=x}}
* William II tried to stop the bombing of Belgrade: {{Citation | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20001021081451/http://www.terravista.pt/guincho/2104/1914_e.html | archivedate = 21 October 2000 | url = http://www.terravista.pt/guincho/2104/1914_e.html | title = History of the Last Days before the day of fate | type = documentary | first = Guido | last = Knopp |date=February 1999}}, as History of Ultimatum to Serbia repeated.
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5OI5NC_WC8
* [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914%20wilhelm/multilingual:1/showOnly:video Historical film documents on Wilhelm II from the time of World War I at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Hohenzollern]]|27 January|1859|4 June|1941}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-reg|de}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of German monarchs|German Emperor]]<br>[[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]]|years=15 June 1888 – 9 November 1918}}
{{S-vac|reason=[[German Revolution|Monarchy abolished]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-off|}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III]]|as=[[List of German monarchs|German Emperor]]<br>and [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=German Head of State<br>Prussian Head of State|as=[[List of German monarchs|German Emperor]]|years=15 June 1888 – 9 November 1918}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Friedrich Ebert]]|as=[[President of Germany (Weimar Republic)|President of Germany]]<br>and [[Prime Minister of Prussia]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-pre|}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-new|loss|reason=[[Weimar Republic|Republic declared]]}}
{{S-tul|title=[[List of German monarchs|German Emperor]]<br>[[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]]|years=9 November 1918 – 4 June 1941|reason=[[German Revolution]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[William, German Crown Prince|Wilhelm III]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{birth|1859}}{{death|1941}}
{{เริ่มกล่อง}}
{{สืบตำแหน่ง|ตำแหน่ง=[[สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิแห่งเยอรมนี]]|ถัดไป=-|ก่อนหน้า=[[พระเจ้าฟริดริชที่ 3 แห่งเยอรมนี (โฮเฮนซอลเลิร์น)|พระจักรพรรดิเฟรดเดอร์ริคที่ 3]]|ปี='''[[15 มิถุนายน]] [[พ.ศ. 2431]] - [[9 พฤศจิกายน]] [[พ.ศ. 2461]]'''}}
{{จบกล่อง}}
{{ประมุขปรัสเซีย}}
{{พระมหากษัตริย์เยอรมัน}}
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