ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "คัพภวิทยา"

With a very long history, embryology is a subject that has engaged the minds of some of the most brilliant and original biological thinkers and experimentalists.

 

 

In modern times, these include [[Gavin de Beer]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Ernst Haeckel]], [[J.B.S. Haldane]], and [[Joseph Needham]], while much early embryology came from the work of [[Aristotle]] and the great [[Italy|Italian]] anatomists: [[Aldrovandi]], [[Aranzio]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Marcello Malpighi]], [[Gabriele Falloppia]], [[Girolamo Cardano]], [[Emilio Parisano]], [[Fortunio Liceti]], [[Stefano Lorenzini]], [[Spallanzani]], [[Enrico Sertoli]], [[Mauro Rusconi]], etc.<ref>http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.0009/ft515.pdf Massimo De Felici, Gregorio Siracus, ''The rise of embryology in Italy: from the Renaissance to the early 20th Century,'' Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44: 515-521 (2000) </ref> Other important contributors include [[William Harvey]], [[Kaspar Friedrich Wolff]], [[Pander]], [[Karl Ernst von Baer]], and [[August Weismann]].

 

 

After the [[1950s]], with the [[DNA]] helical structure being unravelled and the increasing knowledge in the field of [[molecular biology]], [[developmental biology]] emerged as a field of study which attempts to correlate the genes with morphological change; and so tries to determine which genes are responsible for each morphological change that takes place in an embryo, and how these genes are regulated.

Many principles of embryology apply to both invertebrate animals as well as to vertebrates.<ref> Parker, Sybil. "Invertebrate Embryology," ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0079115047&id=CMC32Rmo9tYC&q=%22invertebrate+embryology%22+and+%22mcgraw-hill%22&dq=%22invertebrate+embryology%22+and+%22mcgraw-hill%22&pgis=1 McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology]'' (McGraw-Hill 1997).</ref> Therefore, the study of invertebrate embryology has advanced the study of vertebrate embryology. However, there are many differences as well. For example, numerous invertebrate species release a [[larva]] before development is complete; at the end of the larval period, an animal for the first time comes to resemble an adult similar to it parents. Although invertebrate embryology is similar in some ways for different invertebrate animals, there are also countless variations. For instance, while spiders proceed directly from egg to adult form many insects develop through at least one larval stage.

 

 

== Modern embryology research ==