ผู้ใช้:KarnRedsun/ลองเขียน/พระเจ้าแอนติโอคุสมหาราช

กษัตริย์แห่งซีเรีย; เสด็จพระราชสมภพเมื่อ242ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช; ปกครองตั้งแต่223ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช; เสด็จสวรรคตเมื่อ187ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช. บทกวีทั้งสิบเอ็ดของเดเนี่ยล (xi. 10-21) are supposed by critics to refer to the wars and fate of this monarch, who was the first Greek ruler to exercise considerable influence on both the internal and external affairs of Palestine. He was accordingly the first Seleucid to occupy the attention of Jewish historians, both Palestinian and Alexandrian; and the first book of the Maccabees (vii. 6), as well as Josephus, who draws upon older Jewish-Hellenic sources, devotes considerable attention to this monarch. It was through him that Judea's long and peaceful quietude amid constant warfare all around, from the days of the Persians down to Antiochus, was interrupted. About 218 B.C. the Jews were made to feel what it was to be the bone of contention between two powerful neighbors. Antiochus considered Palestine as a portion of his Seleucid dominion, invaded the land, and seized a large number of its fortified places. A great number of the Jews were of the opinion that Seleucid rule was to be preferred to the Egyptian, since the yoke of Egypt had been severely felt in recent years in the shape of the pitiless taxation of the Tobiads. The Tobiad family naturally favored Egypt, and through their influence Jerusalem did not fall into the power of Antiochus. But when Antiochus vanquished the Egyptian general Scopus at Paneas in northern Palestine (198), the gates of Jerusalem were opened to the conqueror by its citizens, who likewise rendered valuable assistance in the subsequent siege of the citadel while it remained in Egyptian hands. In the interval between Antiochus'entry into Palestine (218) and the formal incorporation of the country with the Seleucid empire (198), Judea was, as Josephus says, like a storm-tossed ship on the ocean.

(see image) Silver Coin of Antiochus III. Obverse: Head of Antiochus, diademed. Reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ANTIOXOY; an elephant.(After Gardner, "Catalogue of Seleucid Coins.")

Decrees of Antiochus.

In addition to the turmoil of war, there arose in the Jewish nation pro-Seleucid and pro-Ptolemaic parties; and the schism exercised great influence upon the Judaism of the time. It was in Antioch that the Jews first made the acquaintance of Hellenism and of the more corrupt sides of Greek culture; and it was from Antioch that Palestine henceforth was ruled, although the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at Magnesia (190) materially crippled his power. The source of information concerning the attitude of this Seleucid toward the Jews is Josephus, but unfortunately his accustomed desire to represent all great rulers as friendly to the Jews has led him to incorporate in his history much that is legendary. He mentions three decrees issued by Antiochus concerning the Jews. In the first, addressed to an unknown Ptolemy, the king lauds the Jews, and in recognition of their merits he grants them freedom of religious worship and practise, immunity from taxation for all elders, priests, Templescribes, and singers, and for all who settled in Jerusalem before a certain time. The attitude of Antiochus was especially favorable to the Temple. Such things as wine, oil, incense, wheat, wood, salt, etc., that were needed for sacrificial use, were to be supplied at the king's expense. The decree closes with the king's command to his general to set free all Jewish prisoners. Objections raised to individual provisions of this decree are not sufficient to prove it spurious; the assurance of free religious practise suggests ananachronism, for no restrictions in this regard were imposed before Antiochus Epiphanes; and Wellhausen ("Israelitische u. Jüdische Geschichte," p. 238) asks how the Syrians could have Jewish prisoners at this period (although in point of fact Jews fighting in behalf of the Egyptians may have been meant). But the whole tone of the decree, certainly in its present form, stamps it as a Jewish-Hellenic fabrication, drawn up on the model of Persian and Roman public proclamations. Equally difficult is it to account for the origin of the second decree, promulgated throughout the entire empire, according to Josephus as a ἱερόν πρόγραμμα (sacred proclamation). It debars heathens from entering the Sanctuary at Jerusalem, forbids the introduction of prohibited meat into the city, as well as the keeping of unclean animals there, under a penalty of three thousand silver drachmæ to be paid to the priests. No prohibition of the use of horses, asses, etc., in the streets of Jerusalem ever existed, and it is hard to imagine any reason for the fabrication of such a prohibition. Büchler's suggestion, in his "Tobiaden und Oniaden," that these ordinances refer to the Samaritan sanctuary does not remove the difficulty. The Mishnah, B. Ḳ. vii. 7 (see also Ab. R. N., ed. Schechter, xxxv. 106), forbade the maintenance of poultry and sheep in the city; and probably Josephus' decree may be connected with this prohibition, which was considered an ancient ordinance. Even more unintelligible is the third of these decrees, touching "two thousand Jewish families" brought by Antiochus from Mesopotamia and Babylonia to Phrygia and Lydia for the pacification of those districts. The settlement of Jews there by Antiochus may well be historical, but that passage of the edict is surely fictitious in which he says: "I am convinced that they, the Jews, will be well-disposed guardians of our interests, because of their piety toward God, and I know that they have received an example of fidelity and willing obedience from their ancestors." Antiochus was hardly in a position to know much about Jewish piety, nor was their loyalty to the Seleucid house of very ancient date.

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Antiochus III (Antiochus the Great), d. 187 B.C., king of Syria (223–187 B.C.), son of Seleucus II and younger brother of Seleucus III, whom he succeeded. At his accession the Seleucid empire was in decline. Although Antiochus did not succeed in totally restoring the greatness of the Seleucid dynasty, he did much to revive its glory. He led an expedition (212–205 B.C.) to the eastern provinces and went as far as India. Although he was defeated earlier by the Egyptians at Raphia (modern Rafa), he and Philip V of Macedon undertook (202 B.C.) to wrest Egyptian territories from the boy king, Ptolemy V. Antiochus did not properly appreciate the growing power of Rome. While Philip V was engaged by the Roman armies, Antiochus recovered S Syria and Asia Minor. In 199 he won a decisive victory over the Egyptians; Palestine then reverted to Syria, having been under Egyptian rule for almost a century. In 196 he seized the Thracian Chersonese and thus alarmed the Greeks. They as well as the Egyptians sought the aid of the Romans. Antiochus, who disregarded the advice of Hannibal in 193, waited and then challenged Rome by accepting the invitation of the Aetolian League to interfere in Greece in 192. The Romans crushed him (191) at Thermopylae and again at Magnesia (190). He also lost a number of naval engagements, and in 188 he was forced to give up all his territory W of the Taurus. Thus the Seleucid empire became a purely inland Asian state, and dreams of reviving Alexander's empire died.

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Antiochus III the Great, (ruled 223 - 187 BC), younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, became ruler of the Seleucid kingdom as a youth of about eighteen in 223 BC. (His traditional designation, the Great, stems from a misconception of Megas Basileus (Great king), the traditional title of the Persian kings, which he adopted.)

Antiochus III inherited a disorganized state. Not only had Asia Minor become detached, but the further eastern provinces had broken away, Bactria under the Greek Diodotus of Bactria, and Parthia under the nomad chieftain Arsaces. Soon after Antiochus's accession, Media and Persia revolted under their governors, the brothers Molon and Alexander.

The young king, under the baneful influence of the minister Hermeias, authorised an attack on Palestine instead of going in person to face the rebels. The attack on Palestine proved a fiasco, and the generals sent against Molon and Alexander met with disaster. Only in Asia Minor, where the king's cousin, the able Achaeus represented the Seleucid cause, did its prestige recover, driving the Pergamene power back to its earlier limits.

In 221 BC Antiochus at last went east, and the rebellion of Molon and Alexander collapsed. The submission of Lesser Media, which had asserted its independence under Artabazanes , followed. Antiochus rid himself of Hermeias by assassination and returned to Syria ( 220 BC). Meanwhile Achaeus himself had revolted and assumed the title of king in Asia Minor. Since, however, his power was not well enough grounded to allow of his attacking Syria, Antiochus considered that he might leave Achaeus for the present and renew his attempt on Palestine.

The campaigns of 219 BC. Antiochus went north to deal with Achaeus, and had by 214 BC driven him from the field into Sardis. Antiochus contrived to get possession of the person of Achaeus (see Polybius), but the citadel held out until 213 BC under Achaeus's widow and then surrendered.

Having thus recovered the central part of Asia Minor - for the Seleucid government had perforce to tolerate the dynasties in Pergamum, Bithynia and Cappadocia - Antiochus turned to recover the outlying provinces of the north and east. He obliged Xerxes of Armenia to acknowledge his supremacy in 212 BC. In 209 BC Antiochus invaded Parthia, occupied the capital Hecatompylus and pushed forward into Hyrcania. The Parthian king apparently successfully sued for peace. 209 BC saw Antiochus in Bactria, where another Greek, Euthydemus, had supplanted the original rebel. Antiochus again met with success. After sustaining a famous siege in his capital Bactra (Balkh), Euthydemus obtained an honourable peace by which Antiochus promised Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters.

Antiochus next, following in the steps of Alexander, crossed into the Kabul valley, received the homage of the Indian king Sophagasenus and returned west by way of Seistan and Kerman (206/5). From Seleucia on the Tigris he led a short expedition down the Persian Gulf against the Gerrhaeans of the Arabian coast ( 205 BC/ 204 BC). Antiochus seemed to have restored the Seleucid empire in the east, and the achievement brought him the title of "the Great King." In 205 BC/ 204 BC the infant Ptolemy V Epiphanes succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus conduded a secret pact with Philip V of Macedon for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions.

Once more Antiochus attacked Palestine, and by 199 BC he seems to have had possession of it before the Aetolian, Scopas, recovered it for Ptolemy. But that recovery proved brief, for in 198 BC Antiochus defeated Scopas at the battle of Panium, near the sources of the Jordan, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic rule in Palestine.

Antiochus then moved to Asia Minor to secure the coast towns which had acknowledged Ptolemy and the independent Greek cities. This enterprise brought him into antagonism with Rome, since Smyrna and Lampsacus appealed to the republic of the west, and the tension became greater after Antiochus had in 196 BC established a footing in Thrace. The evacuation of Greece by the Romans gave Antiochus his opportunity, and he now had the fugitive Hannibal at his court to urge him on.

In 192 BC Antiochus invaded Greece, having the Aetolians and other Greek states as his allies. In 191 BC, however, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. But the Romans followed up their success by attacking Antiochus in Asia Minor, and the decisive victory of Scipio Asiaticus at Magnesia ad Sipylum ( 190 BC), following the defeat of Hannibal at sea off Side, gave Asia Minor into their hands.

By the peace of Apamea ( 188 BC) the Seleucid king abandoned all the country north of the Taurus, which Rome distributed amongst its friends. As a consequence of this blow to the Seleucid power, the outlying provinces of the empire, recovered by Antiochus, reasserted their independence.

Antiochus perished in a fresh expedition to the east in Luristan ( 187 BC). The Seleucid kingdom as Antiochus left it fell to his son, Seleucus IV Philopator.

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The younger son of Seleucus II succeeded his assassinated brother, Seleucus III in 223 BCE. Though barely 19, he immediately set out to regain the territory that his father & brother had lost. By a show of force & skillful diplomacy he formed alliances with neighboring rulers from Pergamum to northern India, often allowing opponents to retain their thrones in exchange for tribute. By 205 BCE he had formed such an extensive system of vassal kingdoms to the East that he adopted the ancient Persian title of "the great king" & promoted a royal cult in which he was worshipped as a god. His Greek subjects compared him to Alexander the Great. Turning his attention to western territories he formed an alliance with Philip V of Macedon against Ptolemy V of Egypt. In 200 BCE he defeated the Egyptian forces at Panias (Lebanon) and claimed control of Palestine & Phoenicia. The Jewish temple state of Jerusalem was granted special privileges for recognizing his suzerainty. Pressing his military advantage, Antiochus invaded Egypt itself, forcing a peace treaty (195 BCE) that finally formalized Ptolemaic recognition of Seleucid control of Syria & Palestine, territory that had been claimed by Seleucus I a century earlier.

But Antiochus did not rest on that victory. When Philip was defeated by the Romans, Antiochus led his forces to regain the cities of western Asia minor that his father had lost. Not content with having extended Seleucid control over more territory than any of his predecessors, he defied Roman warnings by crossing into Europe. Conflict with Rome became unavoidable when Antiochus gave refuge to Hannibal of Carthage & made him his military advisor. He was routed by the Romans & their allies at Thermopylae in Greece & Magnesia, Asia Minor (191-190 BCE). To conclude a peace treaty he had to abandon western Asia Minor & allow his youngest son, (who later ruled as Antiochus IV), to be taken to Rome as a hostage.

He was killed at a temple of Ba'al in Susa a few years later, while exacting tribute to replenish the depleted royal treasury.

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Antiochus III (241-187 B.C.) was a Syrian king of the Seleucid dynasty, Alexander the Great's successors in Asia. Antiochus attempted to restore Alexander's empire to its former greatness, and the magnitude of this undertaking earned Antiochus the name Megas, "the Great."

The second son of Seleucus II and his wife Laodice, Antiochus was born in Babylonia. When his older brother, Seleucus III, was assassinated in Phrygia in 223, Antiochus succeeded him as king at the age of 18. His cousin Achaeus assumed military command and punished Seleucus's assassins. There was strong public support for Achaeus to ascend the throne, but he declined and remained loyal to his cousin. Achaeus governed in Asia Minor.

In 222 Molon and Alexander, the satraps of Media and Persia, revolted. Molon proclaimed himself independent and king, but by 220 his forces had abandoned him, and he and Alexander committed suicide. Then Achaeus sought power and occupied Antioch, but the populace deserted him. Antiochus foolishly overlooked the brief insurrection and instead prepared to attack Egypt. His forces easily gained coastal Phoenicia, Tyre, and Ptolemais, but Antiochus faltered at the fortress of Dora in northern Palestine. This gave Egypt a chance to reorganize its army, and on June 22, 217, Antiochus was defeated in Gaza by Ptolemy IV Philopater. Achaeus grew more and more independent, and the Parthian Arsacids in the northeast gained power. But in Jerusalem the Jews welcomed Antiochus and hailed his confirmation of their religious privileges.

In the winter of 217/216, Antiochus prepared to face the now-powerful Achaeus, and after 2 years of war Antiochus cornered him in Sardis. Through Cretan intrigue Achaeus was captured, mutilated, and then beheaded. Antiochus thus regained his western capital, but the powerful city of Pergamon still remained hostile.

Antiochus then set out to restore the former boundaries of the Seleucid empire. Between 212 and 204 he campaigned in Armenia, regained Parthia and Bactria as vassal kingdoms, and led expeditions into the Kabul Valley in India and across the Persian Gulf into Arabia. About 210 Antiochus made his 10-year-old son Antiochus coruler, as he feared his own death in these campaigns. In 204 Antiochus regained Phoenicia and southern Palestine from Egypt, for in that year Ptolemy IV had died and left his throne to his 4-year-old son Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Antiochus and Philip V of Macedon then decided to divide the Ptolemaic empire.

Fearing the growing strength of Antiochus, Rome dispatched its envoy in 200 to protect Egypt and halt Antiochus, but he disregarded the weak ultimatum. In 197 Antiochus again campaigned in Asia Minor to gain Ptolemaic territories. With Philip's defeat in Greece showing his weakness and with the Ptolemaic empire in distress, Antiochus began to dream of reuniting Alexander's empire. Rome, however, now proclaimed itself champion of Greece's liberty, and Rhodes sought to block Antiochus. After campaigning in Europe, rumors of intrigue regarding Egypt brought Antiochus back to Antioch in 196, where he met and welcomed the defeated Hannibal.

When Antiochus's son died suddenly in 193, rumors of assassination flourished, the anti-Roman faction gained strength, and in 192 war erupted in Greece. Antiochus landed in Greece and surprised the Roman occupation forces. Macedon deserted him and joined Rome, and many of the Greek states vacillated in their loyalties. Roman countercampaigns in 191 forced Antiochus to seek refuge in Chalkis and later in southern Thessaly, where he was defeated. After sea battles in the Aegean, Antiochus feared a Roman invasion of Asia Minor, which finally occurred in 190. Antiochus again met defeat at Magnesia, and the Peace of Apemea in 188 ended a century of Seleucid dominance in Asia Minor. Leaving his son Seleucus in Syria as coruler, Antiochus departed for Luristan, and in the following year he was killed by hostile tribesmen.

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Antiochus III the Great, (ruled 223 - 187 BC), younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, became ruler of the Seleucid kingdom as a youth of about eighteen in 223 BC. (His traditional designation, the Great, stems from a misconception of Megas Basileus (Great king), the traditional title of the Persian kings, which he adopted.)

Antiochus III inherited a disorganized state. Not only had Asia Minor become detached, but the further eastern provinces had broken away, Bactria under the Greek Diodotus, and Parthia under the nomad chieftain Arsaces. Soon after Antiochus's accession, Media and Persia revolted under their governors, the brothers Molon and Alexander.

The young king, under the baneful influence of the minister Hermeias, authorised an attack on Palestine instead of going in person to face the rebels. The attack on Palestine proved a fiasco, and the generals sent against Molon and Alexander met with disaster. Only in Asia Minor, where the king's cousin, the able Achaeus represented the Seleucid cause, did its prestige recover, driving the Pergamene power back to its earlier limits.

In 221 BC Antiochus at last went east, and the rebellion of Molon and Alexander collapsed. The submission of Lesser Media, which had asserted its independence under Artabazanes, followed. Antiochus rid himself of Hermeias by assassination and returned to Syria (220 BC). Meanwhile Achaeus himself had revolted and assumed the title of king in Asia Minor. Since, however, his power was not well enough grounded to allow of his attacking Syria, Antiochus considered that he might leave Achaeus for the present and renew his attempt on Palestine.

The campaigns of 219 BC and 218 BC carried the Seleucid arms almost to the confines of Egypt, but in 217 BC Ptolemy IV confronted Antiochus at Raphia and inflicted a defeat upon him which nullified all Antiochus's successes and compelled him to withdraw north of the Lebanon. In 216 BC Antiochus went north to deal with Achaeus, and had by 214 BC driven him from the field into Sardis. Antiochus contrived to get possession of the person of Achaeus (see Polybius), but the citadel held out until 213 BC under Achaeus's widow and then surrendered.

Having thus recovered the central part of Asia Minor - for the Seleucid government had pe\rforce to tolerate the dynasties in Pergamum, Bithynia and Cappadocia - Antiochus turned to recover the outlying provinces of the north and east. He obliged Xerxes of Armenia to acknowledge his supremacy in 212 BC. In 209 BC Antiochus invaded Parthia, occupied the capital Hecatompylus and pushed forward into Hyrcania. The Parthian king apparently successfully sued for peace. 209 BC saw Antiochus in Bactria, where another Greek, Euthydemus, had supplanted the original rebel. Antiochus again met with success. After sustaining a famous siege in his capital Bactra (Balkh), Euthydemus obtained an honourable peace by which Antiochus promised Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters.

Antiochus next, following in the steps of Alexander, crossed into the Kabul valley, received the homage of the Indian king Sophagasenus and returned west by way of Seistan and Kerman (206/5). From Seleucia on the Tigris he led a short expedition down the Persian Gulf against the Gerrhaeans of the Arabian coast (205 BC/204 BC). Antiochus seemed to have restored the Seleucid empire in the east, and the achievement brought him the title of "the Great King." In 205 BC/204 BC the infant Ptolemy V Epiphanes succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus conduded a secret pact with Philip V of Macedon for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions.

Once more Antiochus attacked Palestine, and by 199 BC he seems to have had possession of it before the Aetolian, Scopas, recovered it for Ptolemy. But that recovery proved brief, for in 198 BC Antiochus defeated Scopas at the battle of Panium, near the sources of the Jordan, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic rule in Palestine.

Antiochus then moved to Asia Minor to secure the coast towns which had acknowledged Ptolemy and the independent Greek cities. This enterprise brought him into antagonism with Rome, since Smyrna and Lampsacus appealed to the republic of the west, and the tension became greater after Antiochus had in 196 BC established a footing in Thrace. The evacuation of Greece by the Romans gave Antiochus his opportunity, and he now had the fugitive Hannibal at his court to urge him on.

In 192 BC Antiochus invaded Greece, having the Aetolians and other Greek states as his allies. In 191 BC , however, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. But the Romans followed up their success by attacking Antiochus in Asia Minor, and the decisive victory of Scipio Asiaticus at Magnesia ad Sipylum (190 BC), following the defeat of Hannibal at sea off Side, gave Asia Minor into their hands.

By the peace of Apamea (188 BC) the Seleucid king abandoned all the country north of the Taurus, which Rome distributed amongst its friends. As a consequence of this blow to the Seleucid power, the outlying provinces of the empire, recovered by Antiochus, reasserted their independence.

Antiochus perished in a fresh expedition to the east in Luristan (187 BC). The Seleucid kingdom as Antiochus left it fell to his son, Seleucus IV Philopator.

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