ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ปรัชญา"

'''ปรัชญา''' ({{lang-en|Philosophy}} จาก {{Lang-grc-gre|φιλοσοφία}}, {{Lang-grc|philosophia|lit=ความรักในปัญญา|label=none|italic=yes}})<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary"/><ref name="Webster's New World Dictionary"/> เป็นการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับคำถามปัญหาทั่วไปและเป็นปัญหาพื้นฐาน เช่น เกี่ยวกับการดำรงอยู่ ([[อภิปรัชญา]]), [[เหตุผล]] ([[ตรรกศาสตร์]]), ความรู้ ([[Epistemology|ญาณวิทยา]]), คุณค่า ([[จริยศาสตร์]]), [[Philosophy of mind|จิตใจ]] และ [[Philosophy of language|ภาษา]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Philosophy|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/philosophy|date=2020|website=Lexico|publisher=[[University of Oxford Press]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142405/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/philosophy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sellars|first1=Wilfrid|url=http://selfpace.uconn.edu/class/percep/SellarsPhilSciImage.pdf|title=Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind|date=1963|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.|pages=1, 40|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323095530/http://selfpace.uconn.edu/class/percep/SellarsPhilSciImage.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Such questions are often posed as problems<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chalmers |first1=David J. |title=Facing up to the problem of consciousness |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |date=1995 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=200, 219 |url=http://www.consc.net/papers/facing.html |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120095823/http://consc.net/papers/facing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=Leah |title=The problem of induction |journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/induction-problem/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327224912/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/induction-problem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> แหล่งข้อมูลบางแหล่งอ้างว่าคำนี้คิดขึ้นโดย[[Pythagoras|พีทากอรัส]] (c. 570 – c. 495 ปีก่อนค.ศ.)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cicero|first=Marcus Tullius|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14988/14988-h/14988-h.htm|title=Tusculan Disputations|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1877|location=New York|pages=166|quote=From whence all who occupied themselves in the contemplation of nature were both considered and called wise men; and that name of theirs continued to the age of Pythagoras, who is reported to have gone to Phlius, as we find it stated by Heraclides Ponticus, a very learned man, and a pupil of Plato, and to have discoursed very learnedly and copiously on certain subjects with Leon, prince of the Phliasii; and when Leon, admiring his ingenuity and eloquence, asked him what art he particularly professed, his answer was, that he was acquainted with no art, but that he was a philosopher. Leon, surprised at the novelty of the name, inquired what he meant by the name of philosopher, and in what philosophers differed from other men; on which Pythagoras replied, “That the life of man seemed to him to resemble those games which were celebrated with the 166greatest possible variety of sports and the general concourse of all Greece. For as in those games there were some persons whose object was glory and the honor of a crown, to be attained by the performance of bodily exercises, so others were led thither by the gain of buying and selling, and mere views of profit; but there was likewise one class of persons, and they were by far the best, whose aim was neither applause nor profit, but who came merely as spectators through curiosity, to observe what was done, and to see in what manner things were carried on there. And thus, said he, we come from another life and nature unto this one, just as men come out of some other city, to some much frequented mart; some being slaves to glory, others to money; and there are some few who, taking no account of anything else, earnestly look into the nature of things; and these men call themselves studious of wisdom, that is, philosophers: and as there it is the most reputable occupation of all to be a looker-on without making any acquisition, so in life, the contemplating things, and acquainting one’s self with them, greatly exceeds every other pursuit of life.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Alister|title=The Pythagorean Background of the theory of Recollection|publisher=George Banta Publishing Company|year=1938}}</ref> ในขณะที่บางส่วน<ref>Jaeger, W. 'On the Origin and Cycle of the Philosophic Ideal of Life.' First published in Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historishce Klasse, 1928; Eng. Translation in Jaeger's Aristotle, 2nd Ed. Oxford, 1948, 426-61</ref><ref>Festugiere, A.J. 'Les Trios Vies', Acta Congressus Madvigiani, vol. 2, Copenhagen, 1958, 131-78</ref> ปฏิเสธและเชื่อว่าพีทากอรัสนำคำนี้มาใช้จากคำเดิมที่ปรากฏอยู่แล้ว<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guthrie|first=W. K. C.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22488892|title=A history of Greek philosophy|date=1962–1981|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05160-6|location=Cambridge|pages=165–166|oclc=22488892|quote=This does not of course amount to saying that the simile goes back to Pythagoras himself, but only that the Greek ideal of philosophia and theoria (for which we may compare Herodotus's attribution of these activities to Solon I, 30) was at a fairly early date annexed by the Pythagoreans for their master}}</ref> [[Philosophical methodology|วิธีวิทยาของปรัชญา]]ประกอบด้วย[[Socratic questioning|การตั้งคำถาม]], [[Socratic method|การถกเถียงเชิงวิพากษ์]], [[dialectic|การถกเถียงด้วยเหตุผล]] และการนำเสนออย่างเป็นระบบระเบียบ<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Think About the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization|last=Adler|first=Mortimer J.|date=2000|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Pv3BHyktJWkC}}|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9412-3|location=Chicago, Ill.}}</ref><ref name="justification"/><ref group="lower-roman">Quinton, Anthony. 1995. "The Ethics of Philosophical Practice." P. 666 in ''[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]]'', edited by [[Ted Honderich|T. Honderich]]. New York: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-866132-0}}.

ในอดีตแล้ว คำว่า ''philosophy''"ปรัชญา" เคยถูกใช้เพื่อเรียกหมายรวมถึงความรู้ทุกแขนง ส่วนผู้ปฏิบัติศึกษาปรัชญาจะ เรียกว่า ''[[philosopher|นักปรัชญา]]''<ref name=":0">"The English word "philosophy" is first attested to c. 1300, meaning "knowledge, body of knowledge."