ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "สังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยม"

{{Cite book|title=The Political Philosophy of Bakunin|last=Bakunin|first=Mikhail|publisher=The Free Press|year=1953|location=[[นครนิวยอร์ก]]|url=https://libcom.org/files/Maximoff%20-%20The%20Political%20Philosophy%20of%20Bakunin.pdf|chapter=Stateless Socialism: Anarchism|editor-last=Maximoff|editor-first=G. P.|access-date=15 ตุลาคม 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011133632/https://libcom.org/files/Maximoff%20-%20The%20Political%20Philosophy%20of%20Bakunin.pdf|archive-date=11 ตุลาคม 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> เป็นกลุ่ม[[ปรัชญาการเมือง]]แบบ[[อิสรนิยม]]ซึ่ง[[คติต่อต้านอำนาจนิยม|ต่อต้านอำนาจนิยม]] (anti-authoritarianism) และ[[คติต่อต้านรัฐนิยม|ต่อต้านรัฐนิยม]] (anti-statism)<ref>{{Harvnb|McKay|2009|p=2103}}: "Socialism, anarchists argue, can only mean a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs,"</ref><ref name="Routledge p. 223">{{Harvnb|Long|2012|p=223}}: "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."</ref> ใน[[ประวัติศาสตร์สังคมนิยม|ขบวนการสังคมนิยม]] (history of socialism) ซึ่งปฏิเสธมุมมอง[[สังคมนิยม]]ในรูป[[คตินิยมอำนาจรัฐนิยม (การเมือง)|รัฐนิยม]] (statism) ของ[[ลัทธิสังคมนิยมรัฐ]] (state socialism) ที่ว่า[[รัฐ]]เป็นผู้ผูกขาด[[กรรมสิทธิ์รัฐ|อำนาจควบคุมเหนือเศรษฐกิจ]] (state ownership) [[การรวมศูนย์อำนาจ|แบบรวมศูนย์]] (centralisation)<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|1998|p=305}}: "Yet, unlike other socialists, they tend (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation [...]."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Diemer|1977}}: "We do not equate socialism with planning, state control, or nationalization of industry, although we understand that in a socialist society (not "under" socialism) economic activity will be collectively controlled, managed, planned, and owned. Similarly, we believe that socialism will involve equality, but we do not think that socialism is equality, for it is possible to conceive of a society where everyone is equally oppressed. We think that socialism is incompatible with one-party states, with constraints on freedom of speech, with an elite exercising power 'on behalf of' the people, with leader cults, with any of the other devices by which the dying society seeks to portray itself as the new society."</ref> นักสังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมวิจารณ์ความสัมพันธ์แบบ[[ทาสค่าจ้าง]] (wage slavery) ใน[[สถานที่ทำงาน]] (workplace)<ref>{{Harvnb|McKay|2009|p=2105}}: "Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, “libertarian socialism” indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons."</ref> และเน้นเรื่อง[[การจัดการโดยคนทำงานเอง]] (workers' self-management)<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|McKay|2009|p=2106}}: "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers’ self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."</ref> และองค์กรทางการเมืองที่มีโครงสร้าง[[การกระจายอำนาจ|แบบกระจายอำนาจ]] (decentralization)<ref>{{harvnb|Kinna|Prichard|2012|p=13}}: "Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Long|1998|p=305}}: "[...] preferring a system of popular self-governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations [...]"</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Masquelier|2014|p=189}}: "What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's, tend to share."</ref> และมีแนวคิดที่คาบเกี่ยวกับ[[อนาธิปไตย]]และ[[อิสรนิยม]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Murray Bookchin Reader|last=Bookchin|first=Murray|last2=Biehl|first2=Janet|publisher=Cassell|year=1997|isbn=0304338737|pages=170}}</ref><ref>Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). ''The American Journal of Economics and Sociology''. Blackwell Publisher. p. 612.</ref> สังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมเป็นขบวนการสังคมนิยมกว้าง ๆ ซึ่งประกอบไปด้วยแนวคิดอนาธิปไตย [[มาร์กซิสต์]] และ[[อิสรนิยมฝ่ายซ้าย]] (left-libertarian) อื่น ๆ<ref name="Marshall 2009 p. 641">{{Cite book|title=Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism|last=Marshall|first=Peter|edition=POLS|publisher=PM Press|year=2009|isbn=9781604860641|location=โอ๊กแลนด์ รัฐแคลิฟอร์เนีย|pages=641|url=https://archive.org/details/Demanding_the_impossible_9781604862706|orig-year=1991}}</ref> สังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมกระแสหลักประกอบด้วยอนาธิปไตยและ[[ลัทธิมากซ์แบบอิสรนิยม]] (libertarian Marxism)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Government in the Future|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|publisher=The Poetry Center|location=[[นครนิวยอร์ก]]|url=https://libcom.org/files/Noam%20Chomsky%20-%20Government%20In%20The%20Future.pdf|date=1 กุมภาพันธ์ 1970|access-date=16 ตุลาคม 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/library/libertarian-marxist-tendency-map|title=A libertarian Marxist tendency map|date=27 ตุลาคม 2005|access-date=19 ตุลาคม 2021|website=Libcom.org|last=Wright|first=Chris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813070722/https://libcom.org/library/libertarian-marxist-tendency-map|archive-date=3 สิงหาคม 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

โดยทั่วไป คติสังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมปฏิเสธแนวคิดของรัฐ<ref name=":0"/> และอ้างว่าทางเดียวที่สังคมซึ่งอยู่บนฐานของ[[เสรีภาพ]]และ[[ความยุติธรรม]]จะเกิดขึ้นได้ คือการยกเลิกสถาบันแบบ[[อำนาจนิยม]]ซึ่งควบคุม[[ปัจจัยการผลิต]]และกดขี่คนส่วนมากให้อยู่ภายใต้ชนชั้นที่เป็นเจ้าของและ[[อภิชน]] (elite) ทางเศรษฐกิจและการเมือง<ref>{{Cite journal|title=MENDES, Manuel da Silva, Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo|journal=Cultura [Online]|url=https://journals.openedition.org/cultura/575|last=Cabrita|first=MJ|date=16 กันยายน 2013|volume=26|pages=307-310|doi=10.4000/cultura.575|orig-year=2009|language=pt|access-date=19 ตุลาคม 2021}}</ref> นักสังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมสนับสนุนโครงสร้างการกระจายอำนาจผ่านระบอบ[[ประชาธิปไตยโดยตรง]]และสมาคมแบบ[[ระบอบสหพันธรัฐ|สหพันธรัฐ]]หรือ[[สมาพันธรัฐ]]<ref name="Leval 1959">{{Citation|title=Libertarian socialism: a practical outline|last=Leval|first=Gaston|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/gaston-leval-libertarian-socialism-a-practical-outline|publication-date=1959|access-date=19 ตุลาคม 2021|quote=We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organized society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion.}}</ref> เช่น [[สมัชชาพลเมือง]] (citizen's assembly) [[สมัชชาประชาชน]] (popular assembly) [[สหกรณ์]] [[ชุมชนนิยม|ระบบเทศบาลแบบอิสรนิยม]] (communalism) [[สหภาพแรงงาน]] และ[[สภาคนทำงาน]] (worker's council)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Class and State Power: Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017|isbn=9783319648941|pages=300|edition=1|chapter=Roderick T. Long, “Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class” (1998)|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-64894-1|quote=[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power [...].|editor-last=Hart|editor-first=David M.|editor-last2=Chartier|editor-first2=Gary|editor-last3=Kenyon|editor-first3=Ross Miller|editor-last4=Long|editor-first4=Roderick T.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice|page=65|year=2004|publisher=[[AK Press]]|isbn=9781902593920}}</ref> สิ่งเหล่านี้บรรลุผลด้วยการเรียกร้อง[[เสรีภาพ]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|1998|p=305}}: "LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choice of lifestyle."</ref> และ[[สมาคมเสรี]] (free association (Marxism and anarchism))<ref>{{Harvnb|Diemer|1977}}: "What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action. [...] An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing."</ref> ผ่านการระบุ วิจารณ์ และถอนรากถอนโคนในทางปฏิบัติ อำนาจที่ไม่ชอบธรรมออกจากทุกแง่มุมของชีวิตมนุษย์<ref>{{cite web|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=The Soviet Union Versus Socialism|url=http://chomsky.info/1986____/|website=Chomsky.info|date=1986|access-date=22 November 2015|quote=Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism|last=McLaughlin|first=Paul|publisher=AshGate|year=2007|isbn=9780754661962|pages=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage|quote=Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation.}}</ref><ref name="iaf-ifa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html|title=Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations|publisher=International of Anarchist Federations|access-date=17 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105095946/http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html|archive-date=5 January 2012|quote=The IAF – IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Goldman|1910|loc=Anarchism: What It Really Stands For|p=7}}: "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tucker|1926|loc=Sociology}}: "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism. [...] Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=L. Susan|chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism|title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism|publisher=Black Rose Books|year=2002|page=106|isbn=9781551642024}}</ref> สังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมมีแนวทางที่ต่างจากแนวทาง[[สังคมนิยมแบบอำนาจนิยม|อำนาจนิยม]] (authoritarian socialism) และ[[แนวหน้านิยม]] (vanguardism) ของ[[ลัทธิบอลเชวิค]]/[[ลัทธิเลนิน]] และแนวทาง[[ปฏิรูปนิยม]]ของ[[สมาคมเฟเบียน|ลัทธิเฟเบียน]]/[[ประชาธิปไตยสังคมนิยม]]<ref name="Oneil 1998>{{Cite book|title=The Market: Ethics, Knowledge, and Politics|last=O'Neil|first=John|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=9780415098274|pages=3|url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=1_MRJr5sDbkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Market:+Ethics,+Knowledge+and+Politics&hl=th&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage|quote=It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond Post-Socialism: Dialogues with the Far-Left|last=El-Ojeili|first=Chamsi|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9781137474537|url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=GpeFDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Beyond+Post-Socialism:+Dialogues+with+the+Far-Left&hl=th&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage|page=8|quote=In some ways, it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual- political formation, it is so, first and foremost, negatively – as opposed to other socialist traditions. I have labelled this negative pole 'socialist orthodoxy', composed of both Leninists and social democrats. [...] What I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West, pursuing a kind of social capitalism, and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi- peripheral countries, which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism. Generally, the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism (the law of value, money, private property, class, the state), and they were to characterize these solutions as statist, substitutionist and authoritarian.}}</ref>

สังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมเป็นคติอิสรนิยมฝ่ายซ้ายสายสังคมนิยมรูปแบบหนึ่ง<ref name="Carlson">{{Cite book|title=The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America|last=Carlson|first=Jennifer D.|publisher=SAGE|year=2012|isbn=9781412988766|location=[[ลอนดอน]]|pages=1006|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Wilburn R.|chapter=Libertarianism|quote=There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government ''and'' capitalism.}}</ref><ref name="Routledge p. 223" /><ref name="Routledge p. 227">{{Harvnb|Long|2012|p=227}}: "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists".</ref> ขบวนการในอดีตและปัจจุบันซึ่งมักถูกเรียกเป็นคติสังคมนิยมแบบอิสรนิยมมี อาทิเช่น อนาธิปไตย (โดยเฉพาะ[[สำนักคิดอนาธิปไตย]] (anarchist schools of thought) เช่น[[ลัทธิอนาธิปไตย-คอมมิวนิสต์]] [[สหการนิยมแบบอนาธิปไตย]] (anarcho-syndicalism)<ref>{{cite book|last=Sims|first=Franwa|title=The Anacostia Diaries As It Is|page=160|year=2006|publisher=Lulu Press}}</ref> [[อนาธิปไตยแบบรวมหมู่]] (collectivist anarchism) [[อนาธิปไตยสีเขียว]] (green anarchism) [[อนาธิปไตยแบบปัจเจก]] (individualist anarchism)<ref>{{Harvnb|McKay|2009|p=1549}}: "[[Benjamin Tucker|(Benjamin) Tucker]] referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be 'Anarchistic socialism.'"</ref><ref name="Armand 1907">{{Citation|title=Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity|last=Armand|first=Émile|url=http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html|publication-date=1907|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204075621/http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html|access-date=19 ตุลาคม 2021|archive-date=4 กุมภาพันธ์ 2021|quote=inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)}}</ref><ref name="Sabatini 1994-1995">{{Citation|title=Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy|last=Sabatini|first=Peter|url=https://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/peter-sabatini-libertarianism-bogus-anarchy|publication-date=1994-1995|quote=of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chartier|Gary|2011}}: "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism."</ref> [[คติความช่วยเหลือซึ่งกันและกัน]] (Mutualism (economic theory))<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html|title=A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?|access-date=19 ตุลาคม 2021|website=Mutualist.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609075437/http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html|archive-date=9 มิถุนายน 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> และ[[อนาธิปไตยสังคม]] (social anarchism)) รวมไปถึง[[ชุมชนนิยม]] (communalism) [[สังคมนิยมประชาธิปไตย]] (democratic socialism) ในบางรูปแบบ [[สังคมนิยมแบบสมาคมอาชีพ]] (guild socialism)<ref>{{Harvnb|Masquelier|2014|p=190}}: "It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G.D.H. Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy [...]."</ref> ลัทธิมากซ์แบบอิสรนิยม<ref>{{harvnb|Kinna|Prichard|2012|p=13}}: "Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives."</ref> (เช่น [[อัตตาณัตินิยม]] (autonomism) [[ลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์แบบองค์คณะนิยม]]<ref>{{harvnb|Boraman|2012|p=268}}: "Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into 'libertarian socialism', offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions."</ref> [[ลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์ฝ่ายซ้าย]] (left communism) [[โรซา ลุคเซิมบวร์ค|ลัทธิลุคเซิมบวร์ค]] ฯลฯ),<ref name="Bookchin 1992">{{Cite book|title=The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism|last=Bookchin|first=Murray|year=1992|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-the-ghost-of-anarcho-syndicalism}}</ref><ref name="Graham 2005">{{Citation|title=The General Idea of Proudhon’s Revolution|last=Graham|first=Robert|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/robert-graham-the-general-idea-of-proudhon-s-revolution|access-date=19 ตุลาคม 2021}}</ref> [[คติการมีส่วนร่วม]] (participism) [[สหการนิยม]] และ[[สังคมนิยมแบบอุตมรัฐ]] (utopian socialism) ในบางรูปแบบ<ref name="Bromley 1906">{{Cite book|title=The Conquest of Bread|last=Bromley|first=Kent|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|year=1906|location=[[นครนิวยอร์ก]]และ[[ลอนดอน]]|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-conquest-of-bread#toc1|editor-last=Kropotkin|editor-first=Peter|chapter=Preface}}</ref>