ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "การแบ่งโปแลนด์"

During the reign ofในช่วงรัชสมัยของ [[WładysławWładysław IV Vasa|Władysławพระเจ้าววาดือสวัฟที่ IV4]] (1632–481632–48), the ''{{lang|la|[[liberum veto]]}}'' was developed, a policy of parliamentary procedure based on the assumption of the political equality of every "[[Szlachta|gentleman/Polish nobleman]]," with the corollary that unanimous consent was needed for all measures.<ref name="Brit" /> A single member of parliament's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usually simply his own estate), even after the act had been approved, became enough to strike the act. Thus it became increasingly difficult to undertake action. The ''{{lang|la|liberum veto}}'' also provided openings for foreign diplomats to get their ways, through bribing nobles to exercise it.<ref name="Brit" /> Thus, one could characterise Poland–LithuaniaPoland–Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th18th century) before the partitions as already in a state of disorder and not a completely sovereign state, and almost as a [[vassal state]],<ref name="Scott" /> with Russian [[tsar]]s effectively choosing Polish kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King [[StanisławStanisław August Poniatowski]], who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress [[Catherine the Great]].