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Waniosa Amedestir (คุย | ส่วนร่วม)
การแก้ไข 33,842 ครั้ง
ป้ายระบุ: เครื่องมือแก้ไขต้นฉบับปี 2560
Waniosa Amedestir (คุย | ส่วนร่วม)
การแก้ไข 33,842 ครั้ง
ป้ายระบุ: เครื่องมือแก้ไขต้นฉบับปี 2560
บรรทัด 279:
 
=การสูญพันธุ์สมัยโฮโลซีน=
{{redirect|การสูญพันธุ์ครั้งที่หก}}
{{redirect|Sixth Extinction}}
{{short description|เหตุการณฺการสูญพันธุ์ที่ยังดำเนินอยู่เกิดจากกิจกรรมของมนุษย์}}
{{short description|Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity}}
[[File:Pioneers in South Africa (1914) (14576727409).jpg|thumb|The [[dodoโดโด]] became [[extinctionการสูญพันธุ์|extinctสูญพันธุ์]]ในช่งกลางถึงปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ during17 theเนื่องจากการทำลายที่อยู่อาศัย mid-to-lateการล่า 17th century due to habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals.และตกเป็นเหยื่อของสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม<ref>{{cite book|last1last1=Hume|first1first1=J. P.|author-link=Julian P. Hume|last2last2=Walters|first2first2=M.|year=2012|title=Extinct Birds|location=London|publisher=A & C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-5725-1}}</ref> It is an often-cited example of modern extinction.มักเป็นตัวอย่างของการสูญพันธุ์สมัยใหม่<ref name="Diamond">{{cite book | last = Diamond | first = Jared | author-link = Jared Diamond | title = Guns, Germs, and Steel | publisher = W.W. Norton|year = 1999| isbn = 978-0-393-31755-8 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa00diamgunsgermssteelfa00diam/page/43 43–4443–44] |chapter=Up to the Starting Line | title-link = Guns, Germs, and Steel }}</ref>]]
The '''Holocene extinctionการสูญพันธุ์สมัยโฮโลซีน''', otherwise({{lang-en|Holocene referredextinction}}) toบางครั้งเรียกเป็น as the'''การสูญพันธุ์ครั้งใหญ่ครั้งที่ 6''' (sixth mass extinction''') orหรือ '''Anthropocene extinctionการสูญพันธุ์สมัยแอนโทรโปซีน''', is(Anthropocene an ongoing [[extinction) event]] ofเป็น [[speciesการสูญพันธุ์ครั้งใหญ่]] during the present ของ[[Holoceneสปีชีส์]] ที่ยังดำเนินอยู่ใน[[epochสมัย (geologyธรณีวิทยา)|epochสมัย]][[โฮโลซีน]] (with the more recent time sometimes called บางครั้งเรียกให้ทันสมัยเป็น[[Anthropoceneแอนโทรโปซีน]]) as a result of ในปัจจุบันเพราะผลจาก[[Human behaviorพฤติกรรมมนุษย์|human activityกิจกรรมของมนุษย์]].<ref name="WorldScientists"/><ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06>{{cite journal |last1last1=Ceballos |first1first1=Gerardo |last2last2=Ehrlich |first2first2=Paul R.|author-link2link2=Paul R. Ehrlich |title=The misunderstood sixth mass extinction |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=8 June 2018 |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1080–10811080–1081 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0191aau0191 |pmid=29880679 |oclc=7673137938|bibcode=2018Sci2018Sci...360.1080C1080C |s2cids2cid=46984172 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1080.2 }}</ref><ref name=dirzo/> The included extinctions span numerous families of [[plant]]s<ref>{{cite news |last= Hollingsworth|first= Julia|date=June 11, 2019 |title=Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/|work=CNN |access-date=January 14, 2020|quote="The research -- published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal -- found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention."}}</ref> and [[animal]]s, including [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[fish]]es and [[invertebrate]]s. With widespread degradation of [[Biodiversity hotspot|highly biodiverse]] habitats such as [[coral reef]]s and [[rainforest]]s, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be ''undocumented'', as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, or no one has yet discovered their extinction. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than [[Background extinction rate|natural background extinction rates]].<ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=lawton95lawton95/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1last1=De Vos|first1first1=Jurriaan M.|last2last2=Joppa|first2first2=Lucas N.|last3last3=Gittleman|first3first3=John L.|last4last4=Stephens|first4first4=Patrick R.|last5last5=Pimm|first5first5=Stuart L.|date=2014-08-26|title=Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction|journal=Conservation Biology |volume=29|issue=2|pages=452–462452–462|doi=10.1111/cobi.12380|pmid=25159086|issn=0888-8892|language=es|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_earlyConservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Biodiversity-Global-Change-chapter2chapter2/><ref name="PimmJenkins"/>▼
 
▲The '''Holocene extinction''', otherwise referred to as the '''sixth mass extinction''' or '''Anthropocene extinction''', is an ongoing [[extinction event]] of [[species]] during the present [[Holocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]] (with the more recent time sometimes called [[Anthropocene]]) as a result of [[Human behavior|human activity]].<ref name="WorldScientists"/><ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06>{{cite journal |last1=Ceballos |first1=Gerardo |last2=Ehrlich |first2=Paul R.|author-link2=Paul R. Ehrlich |title=The misunderstood sixth mass extinction |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=8 June 2018 |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1080–1081 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0191 |pmid=29880679 |oclc=7673137938|bibcode=2018Sci...360.1080C |s2cid=46984172 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1080.2 }}</ref><ref name=dirzo/> The included extinctions span numerous families of [[plant]]s<ref>{{cite news |last= Hollingsworth|first= Julia|date=June 11, 2019 |title=Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/|work=CNN |access-date=January 14, 2020|quote="The research -- published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal -- found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention."}}</ref> and [[animal]]s, including [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[fish]]es and [[invertebrate]]s. With widespread degradation of [[Biodiversity hotspot|highly biodiverse]] habitats such as [[coral reef]]s and [[rainforest]]s, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be ''undocumented'', as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, or no one has yet discovered their extinction. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than [[Background extinction rate|natural background extinction rates]].<ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=lawton95/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Vos|first1=Jurriaan M.|last2=Joppa|first2=Lucas N.|last3=Gittleman|first3=John L.|last4=Stephens|first4=Patrick R.|last5=Pimm|first5=Stuart L.|date=2014-08-26|title=Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction|journal=Conservation Biology |volume=29|issue=2|pages=452–462|doi=10.1111/cobi.12380|pmid=25159086|issn=0888-8892|language=es|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Biodiversity-Global-Change-chapter2/><ref name="PimmJenkins"/>
 
The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as [[megafauna]], starting at the end of the [[last glacial period]]. Megafauna outside of the African mainland, which did not evolve alongside humans, proved highly sensitive to the introduction of new [[predation]], and many died out shortly after early humans began spreading and hunting across the Earth<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-08/au-wht082015.php |title=Without humans, the whole world could look like Serengeti |website=EurekAlert! |access-date=August 16, 2020 |quote=The existence of Africa's many species of mammals is thus not due to an optimal climate and environment, but rather because it is the only place where they have not yet been eradicated by humans. The underlying reason includes evolutionary adaptation of large mammals to humans as well as greater pest pressure on human populations in long-inhabited Africa in the past.}}</ref><ref name="Faurby2015"/> (many [[List of African animals extinct in the Holocene|African species have also gone extinct in the Holocene]], but – with few exceptions – megafauna of the mainland was largely unaffected until a few hundred years ago).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Galetti|first1=Mauro|last2=Moleón|first2=Marcos|last3=Jordano|first3=Pedro|last4=Pires|first4=Mathias M.|last5=Guimarães|first5=Paulo R.|last6=Pape|first6=Thomas|last7=Nichols|first7=Elizabeth|last8=Hansen|first8=Dennis|last9=Olesen|first9=Jens M.|last10=Munk|first10=Michael|last11=de Mattos|first11=Jacqueline S.|date=2018|title=Ecological and evolutionary legacy of megafauna extinctions: Anachronisms and megafauna interactions|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=93|issue=2|pages=845–862|doi=10.1111/brv.12374|pmid=28990321|s2cid=4762203|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/152780/1/Galetti_et_al-2018-Biological_Reviews.pdf}}</ref> These extinctions, occurring near the [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene]] boundary, are sometimes referred to as the [[Quaternary extinction event]].
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