ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ผู้ใช้:Waniosa Amedestir/ทดลองเขียน"

'''''{{transl|ar|ALA|Dhimmī}}ซิมมี''''' ({{lang-ar|ذمي}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ḏimmīḏimmī}}'', {{IPA-ar|ˈðɪmmiːˈðɪmmiː|IPA}}, collectivelyโดยรวมคือ {{lang|ar|أهل الذمة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ahl aḏ-ḏimmah}}/{{transl|ar|ALA|dhimmah}}อะฮ์ลุซซิมมะฮ์'' "the people of theชาว ''dhimmaซิมมะฮ์''") is a historicalเป็นคำเรียกสมัยก่อน<ref name=Campo/> term for ใช้เรียก[[Kafirกาฟิร|Non-Muslimsผู้ที่ไม่ใช่มุสลิม]] living in an อาศัยอยู่ใน[[Islamic stateรัฐอิสลาม]] with legal protection.ซึ่งมีการคุ้มครองทางกฎหมาย<ref name=Campo>{{cite encyclopedia |title=dhimmi |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Islam]] |editor=Juan Eduardo Campo |pages=194–195194–195 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |date=12 May 2010 |quote= Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. ... In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.}}</ref><ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|authorlink=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|title=The Laws of Islam|date=26 March 2016|publisher=Enlight Press|isbn=978-0994240989|url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2017|ref=Modarresi|language=English}}</ref>{{rp|470}} The word literally meansคำนี้แปลตรงตัวคือ "protected personคนที่ถูกป้องกัน",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dhimmi|title=Definition of DHIMMI|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> referring toอิงถึง the state's obligation under ''[[sharia]]'' to protect the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion, in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the ''[[jizya]]'' tax, which complemented the ''[[zakat]]'', or obligatory alms, paid by the Muslim subjects.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glenn |first= H. Patrick |author-link=H. Patrick Glenn |year=2007 |title=Legal Traditions of the World |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=218–219218–219 |quote=A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.}}</ref> ''Dhimmi'' were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain privileges and freedoms reserved for Muslims, but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation.<ref>H. Patrick Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2007, p. 219.</ref><ref>The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of ''La civilisation des Arabes'') writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), ''Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions'', p.179. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0199359363}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1last1=Abou El Fadl|first1first1=Khaled|authorlink=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|date=2007|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|isbn=978-0061189036|page=204|quote = According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.}}</ref>

Historically, dhimmi status was originally applied toตามประวัติ สถานะซิมมีเคยนำไปใช้กับ[[Jewsชาวยิว]], [[Christiansคริสต์ศาสนิกชน]], and และ[[Sabiansอัศศอบิอะฮ์]], who are considered to beซึ่งถือว่าเป็น "[[People of the Bookชาวคำภีร์]]" in Islamic theology. This status later also came to be applied toตามเทววิทยาอิสลาม ต่อมาสถานะนี้ถูกนำไปใช้กับ[[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], [[Sikhs]], [[Hindus]], [[Jainism|Jains]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Annemarie Schimmel|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anneempireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-1861891853|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anneempireofgreatmug00anne/page/107|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book|author=Michael Bonner|author-link=Michael Bonner|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2008|page=89|isbn=9780691138381|jstor=j.ctt7sg8fctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wael B. Hallaq|author-link=Wael Hallaq|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=327|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300CBO9780511815300|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

โดยทั่วไปแล้ว [[Moderate Muslimมุสลิมปานกลาง]]s generally(Moderate rejectMuslim) theปฏิเสธระบบ ''dhimmaซิมมี'' system asเพราะ inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies.<ref name="El Fadl">"[…] the overwhelming majority of moderate Muslims reject the dhimma system as ahistorical, in the sense that it is inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies." {{cite book|last1last1=Abou El Fadl|first1first1=Khaled |author-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl |title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|date=23 January 2007|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0061189036|page=214}}</ref> There is a [[Dhimmi#Views of modern Islamic scholars on the status of non-Muslims in an Islamic society|range of opinions]] among 20th20th-century and contemporary Islamic theologians about whether the notion of ''dhimma'' is appropriate for modern times, and, if so, what form it should take in an Islamic state.

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