|
=Hud (prophet)=
{{About|the Islamic prophet||HUD (disambiguation){{!}}HUD}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = {{smaller|[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]}}
| relatives =
}}
{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}
{{Islam}}
'''Hud''' ({{IPAc-en|h|uː|d}}; {{lang-ar|هود}}) was a [[Prophets of Islam|prophet]] of [[ancient Arabia]] mentioned in the [[Qur’an]].<ref>{{cite quran|7|65|e=72|s=ns|t=p}}</ref><ref name="q11:50-60">{{cite quran|11|50|e=60|s=ns|t=p}}</ref><ref>{{cite quran|26|123|e=139|s=ns|t=p}}</ref><ref>{{cite quran|38|11|e=13|s=ns|t=p}}</ref><ref name="q46:21-26">{{cite quran|46|21|e=26|s=ns|t=p}}</ref><ref>{{cite quran|50|12|e=14|s=ns|t=p}}</ref><ref name="q54:21-26">{{cite quran|54|21|e=26|s=ns|t=p}}</ref> The eleventh [[sura|chapter]] of the Quran, ''[[Hud (sura)|Hud]]'', is named after him, though the narrative of Hud comprises only a small portion of the chapter.<ref name="q11:50-60"/>
==Historical context==
{{See also|Arabian Desert|Rub' al Khali}}
Hud has sometimes been identified with [[Eber]],<ref name="Noegel">{{cite book |last1=Noegel |first1=Scott B. |date=2010 |title=The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism |first2=Brannon M. |last2=Wheeler |entry=Hud |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |page=140 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7603-3}}</ref> an ancestor of the [[Israelites]] who is mentioned in the [[Old Testament]].
He is said to have been a subject of a ''mulk'' ({{lang-ar|مُلك}}, kingdom) named after its founder, [[‘Ad]], a fourth-generation descendant of [[Noah]] (his father being [[Uz, son of Aram|Uz]], the son of [[Aram, son of Shem|Aram]], who was the son of [[Shem]], who, in turn, was a son of Noah):
{{Quote|text=The [[ʿĀd]] people, with their prophet Hud, are mentioned in many places. See especially {{cite quran|26|123|e=140|s=ns|tn=y}}, and {{cite quran|46|21|e=26|s=ns|tn=y}}. Their story belongs to Arabian tradition. Their eponymous ancestor ‘Ad was fourth in generation from Noah, having been a son of 'Aus, the son of Aram, the son of Sam, the son of Noah. They occupied a large tract of country in [[Southern Arabia]], extending from [[Umman]] at the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]] to [[Hadhramaut]] and [[Yemen]] at the southern end of the [[Red Sea]]. The people were tall in stature and were great builders. Probably the long, winding tracts of sands (''ahqaf'') in their dominions (46:21) were irrigated with canals. They forsook the true God, and oppressed their people. A three years famine visited them, but yet they took no warning. At length a terrible blast of wind destroyed them and their land, but a remnant, known as the second ʿĀd or the [[Thamud]] (see below) were saved, and afterwards suffered a similar fate for their sins. The tomb of the Prophet Hud (qabr Nabi Hud) is still traditionally shown in Hadhramaut, latitude 16 N, and longitude 49{{fraction|1|2}} E, about 90 miles north of [[Mukalla]]. There are ruins and inscriptions in the neighborhood.|author=[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]|title=[[The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary]]|source=Note 1040<ref>{{cite book |author=Abdullah Yusuf Ali |author-link=Abdullah Yusuf Ali |at=Note 1040 |title=The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary|title-link=The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary }}</ref>}}
The other tribes claimed to be present at this [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|time in Arabia]], were the Thamud, [[Jurhum]], Tasam, Jadis, Amim, [[Midian]], [[Amalek]] Imlaq, Jasim, [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]], Banu Yaqtan and others.<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite book |author=Ibn Kathir |author-link=Ibn Kathir |section=Story of Hud |title=Qisas Al-Anbiya |trans-title=Stories of the Prophets|title-link=Qisas Al-Anbiya }}</ref>
The Quran gives the location of ʿĀd as being ''Al-Aḥqāf'' ({{lang-ar|الأَحقَاف}}, "The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills").<ref name="q46:21-26"/><ref>{{cite book |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 |volume=1 |page=121 |date=1987 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=90-04-08265-4|title-link=Encyclopaedia of Islam#1st edition, EI1 }}</ref><ref name=Glasse>{{cite book |first1=Cyril |last1=Glassé |first2=Huston |last2=Smith |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |entry=ʿĀd |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA26 |date=January 2003 |publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/26 26] |title-link=The New Encyclopedia of Islam }}</ref> It is believed to have been in the southern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], possibly in eastern Yemen and/or western [[Oman]]. In November 1991, a settlement was discovered and hypothesized for [[Atlantis of the Sands|Ubar]],<ref>{{cite news
| last = Wilford
| first = John Noble
| date = 1992-02-05
| title = On the Trail From the Sky: Roads Point to a Lost City
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/world/on-the-trail-from-the-sky-roads-point-to-a-lost-city.html
| work = [[New York Times]]
| location =
| access-date = 2019-11-17
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192839/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/world/on-the-trail-from-the-sky-roads-point-to-a-lost-city.html
| archive-date = 2019-03-31
| url-status = live
}}</ref> which is thought to be mentioned in the Qur'an as ''Iram dhāṫ al-‘Imād'' ({{lang-ar|إِرَم ذَات العِمَاد}}, ''[[Iram of the Pillars]]''; an alternative translation is ''Iram of the tentpoles''),<ref name="q54:21-26"/><ref name=Glasse/> and may have been the capital of ʿĀd. One of the members of the original expedition, archeologist [[Juris Zarins]], however, later concluded that the discovery did not represent a city called Ubar.<ref>{{cite magazine
|last = Zarins
|first = Juris
|author-link = Juris Zarins
|date = May-June 1997
|title = Atlantis of the Sands
|url = https://archive.archaeology.org/9705/abstracts/ubar.html
|magazine = [[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]
|volume = 50
|issue = 3
|pages = 51–53
|location = New York
|publisher = [[Archaeological Institute of America]]
|access-date = 2019-11-17
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191207014625/https://archive.archaeology.org/9705/abstracts/ubar.html
|archive-date = 2019-12-07
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Blom
| first1 = Ronald G.
| last2 = Crippen
| first2 = Robert
| last3 = Elachi
| first3 = Charles
| author3-link = Charles Elachi
| last4 = Clapp
| first4 = Nicholas
| author-link = Nicholas Clapp
| last5 = Hedges
| first5 = George R.
| author5-link = George Hedges
| last6 = Zarins
| first6 = Juris
| editor1-first = James
| editor1-last = Wiseman
| editor2-first = Farouk
| editor2-last = El-Baz
| date = 2006
| title = Southern Arabian Desert Trade Routes, Frankincense, Myrrh, and the Ubar Legend
| journal = Remote Sensing in Archaeology
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]
| location = New York
| pages = 71–87
| doi = 10.1007/0-387-44455-6_3
| isbn = 978-0-387-44455-0
| series = Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology
| s2cid = 128081354
| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ae1ba0acaa3f85b06dbc611b41be4339dc968cb1
}}</ref> In a 1996 interview on the subject he said:
{{quote|text=If you look at the classical texts and the Arab historical sources, Ubar refers to a region and a group of people, not to a specific town. People always overlook that. It's very clear on Ptolemy's second century map of the area. It says in big letters "Iobaritae". And in his text that accompanied the maps, he's very clear about that. It was only the late medieval version of ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, that romanticised Ubar and turned it into a city, rather than a region or a people."<ref>{{cite interview |last=Zarins |first=Juris |title=Interview with Dr. Juris Zarins |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ubar/zarins/ |date=September 1996 |work=[[PBS Nova]] Online |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529225314/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ubar/zarins/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
==Narrative in the Quran==
''This is a brief summary of Hud's narrative, with emphasis on two particular verses'':
The people of ʿĀd were extremely powerful and wealthy and they built countless buildings<ref name="Cite quran|26|128|e=129|s=ns|t=p">{{cite quran|26|128|e=129|s=ns}}</ref> and monuments to show their power. However, the ʿĀd people's wealth ultimately proved to be their failure, as they became arrogant and forsook [[God]] and began to [[Cult image|adopt idols]] for worship, including [[Polytheism|three idols]] named ''Samd'', ''Samud'' and ''Hara''.<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite book |author=Ibn Kathir |author-link=Ibn Kathir |section=Story of Hud |title=Qisas Al-Anbiya |trans-title=Stories of the Prophets|title-link=Qisas Al-Anbiya }}</ref> Hud, even in childhood, remained consistent in prayer to God. It is related through [[exegesis]] that Hud's mother, a pious woman who had seen great visions at her son's birth, was the only person who encouraged Hud in his worship. Thus, the [[God in Islam|Lord]] raised up Hud as a [[prophet]] for the ʿĀd people.
When Hud started preaching and invited them to the worship of [[Tawhid|only the true God]] and when he told them to repent for their past sins and ask for mercy and forgiveness, the ʿĀd people began to revile him and wickedly began to mock God's message. Hud's story epitomizes the prophetic cycle common to the early prophets mentioned in the Quran: the prophet is sent to his people to tell them to worship God only and tells them to acknowledge that it is God who is the provider of their blessings<ref name="Noegel"/> The Quran<ref name="q11:50-60"/> states:
{{Quote|So when they saw it as a cloud advancing towards their valleys, they said: "This is just a passing cloud that will bring us rain." "No. It is what you were trying to hasten: The wind which carries the grievous punishment!<br>It will destroy everything at the bidding of its Lord." So in the morning there was nothing but their empty dwellings to be seen. That is how We requite the sinners.|Qur'an, Surah 46 ([[Al-Ahqaf]]), ayah 24-25}}
==In other religions==
[[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]] do not venerate Hud as a prophet and, as a figure, he is absent from the [[Bible]]. However, there are several pre-Quranic references to individuals named Hud or possessing a name which is connected to ''Hud'' as well as references to the people of ʿĀd.<ref name="Noegel"/> The name ''Hud'' also appears in various [[ancient]] [[inscriptions]], most commonly in the Hadhramaut region.
Hud is referred to in the Baha'i Faith as a Prophet who appeared after Noah and prior to Abraham, who exhorted the people to abandon idolatry and practice monotheism. His endeavors to save His people resulted in their "willful blindness" and His rejection. (The Kitab-i-Iqan, The Book of Certitude, p. 9
==Place of burial==
| 