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[[หมวดหมู่:อำเภอของเขตผู้ว่าการซานา]]
=เดอุสวุลต์=
=Deus vult=
[[File:GA_Ordre_du_Saint-Sépulcre.svg|thumb|"Deus lo vult" is the motto of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] (1824).|240x240px]]
'''''Deus vultเดอุสวุลต์''''' (Latin:{{lang-la|Deus vult}}; 'God wills it')<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Definition of Deus Vult|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Deus%20vult20vult|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Latin]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] motto associated with the [[Crusades]]. It was first chanted during the [[First Crusade]] in 1096, most likely under the form ''Deus lo vult'' or ''Deus le volt'', as reported by the ''[[Gesta Francorum]]'' (c. 1100–011100–01) and the ''[[Historia belli sacri|Historia Belli Sacri]]'' (c. 1130).{{Efn|Manuscripts of ''Gesta Francorum'' variously have ''Deus le volt'', ''Deus lo vult'', as well as the "corrected" forms ''Deus hoc vult'' and ''Deus vult''. Hagenmeyer (1890) cites Barth: "Barbaro-latina vulgi exclamatio vel et tessera est. Videri autem hinc potest, tum idiotismum Francicum propiorem adhuc fuisse latine matrici".|name=|group=lower-alpha}}
In modern times, the motto has different meanings depending on the context. It has been used as a [[metaphor]] referring to "[[Will of God|God's will]]",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agnew|first=John|date=2010|title=Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of the Catholic Church|journal=Geopolitics|volume=15|issue=1|pages=39–61|doi=10.1080/14650040903420388|s2cid=144793259|issn=1465-0045}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gomez|first=Adam|date=2012|title=Deus Vult: John L. O'Sullivan, Manifest Destiny, and American Democratic Messianism|journal=American Political Thought|volume=1|issue=2|pages=236–262|doi=10.1086/667616|issn=2161-1580}}</ref> as a motto by religious institutions such as the [[Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5caAAAAYAAJ |title=Tuitio Europae: Chivalric Orders on the Spiritual Paths of Europe : Proceedings of the Conference "The Spiritual Paths of Europe--Crusades, Pilgrimages, and Chivalric Orders"|location=[[Turku]]|date=November 29, 1997|editor1=Luigi G. De Anna|editor2=Pauliina De Anna|editor3=Eero Kuparinen |publisher=[[University of Turku]]|isbn=9789512913008}}</ref> or more recently as an [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] slogan by parts of the [[Alt-right]] and [[White nationalism|white nationalists]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Dorothy |title=The Alt-Right and Medieval Religions |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-alt-right-and-medieval-religions |website=Berkeley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs |publisher=Georgetown University |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|author=Staff|date=18 August 2017|title=Deconstructing the symbols and slogans spotted in Charlottesville|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/local/charlottesville-videos/|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Dan|date=10 October 2019|title=What the Far Right Gets Wrong About the Crusades|url=https://time.com/5696546/far-right-history-crusades/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Guardian agencies in Warsaw|first=|date=13 November 2017|title=Polish president condemns far-right scenes at Independence Day march|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/13/polish-president-condemns-far-right-scenes-at-independence-day-march|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-16|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
== Meaning and variants ==
Variants of the Crusades motto include ''Deus lo vult'', ''Deus le volt'' (both in a form of [[Romance languages|Romance]]), ''Deus id vult'' ([[Classical Latin]]), ''Dieux el volt'' ([[Old French]]), and ''Deus hoc vult'' (Class. Lat., "God wills this").<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Le Monde, histoire de tous les peuples ...|date=1844|publisher=Imprimerie de Béthune et Plon|isbn=|location=|pages=[https://books.google.fr/books?id=e4caAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA327 p. 327] <small>(see bottom right note)</small>|nopp=y|language=fr}}</ref><ref>Mrs. William Busk, ''Mediaeval Popes, Emperors, Kings, and Crusaders, Or, Germany, Italy, and Palestine, from A.D. 1125 to A.D. 1268'', Volume 1 (1854), [https://books.google.ch/books?id=9CJMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 15], [https://books.google.ch/books?id=9CJMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396 396].</ref> The two first variants, incorrect in Classical Latin, are forms influenced by [[Romance languages]]. According to {{ill|Heinrich Hagenmeyer|de}}, the articles 'lo' or 'le' were very likely part of the original motto as shouted in [[Amalfi]], since both the authors of the ''[[Gesta Francorum]]'' and the ''[[Historia belli sacri|Historia Belli Sacri]]'' report it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/anonymigestafra01hagegoog|title=Anonymi gesta Francorum et aliorum hierosolymitanorum|last=Hagenmeyer|first=Heinrich|date=1890|publisher=C. Winter|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=la}}</ref> Historian [[Louis Bréhier]] notes that the ''Gesta Francorum'' is written in a language situated between Latin, [[Old French]] and [[Old Italian]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hXsAAAAMAAJ|title=Histoire anonyme de la première croisade|last=Bréhier|first=Louis|date=1925|publisher=Les Belles Lettres|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=fr}}</ref>
==History==
=== First Crusade ===
The battle cry of the [[First Crusade]] is first reported in the ''[[Gesta Francorum]]'', a [[chronicle]] written in 1100 or 1101 by an anonymous author associated with [[Bohemond I of Antioch]] shortly after the successful campaign. According to this description, as the Princes Crusade gathered in [[Amalfi]] in the late summer of 1096, a large number of crusaders armed and bearing the sign of the cross on their right shoulders or on their backs, cried in unison "Deus le volt, Deus le volt, Deus le volt".<ref>
''Deferunt arma ad bellum congrua; in dextra vel inter utrasque scapulas crucem Christi baiulant; sonum vero 'Deus le volt', 'Deus le volt', 'Deus le volt'! una voce conclamant''. ''Gesta Francorum'' IV.1 (Hagenmeyer (1890), [https://archive.org/stream/anonymigestafra00hagegoog#page/n167/mode/1up p. 151].)</ref> Medieval historian [[Guibert of Nogent|Guibert de Nogent]] mentions that "Deus le volt" (''deus id vult'') has been retained by the pilgrims to the detriment of other cries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hablot|first=Laurent|title=Les paysages sonores: Du Moyen Âge à la Renaissance|date=2018|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|isbn=978-2-7535-5586-0|location=|pages=[https://books.google.fr/books?id=3ztjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 p. 161]|nopp=y|language=fr}}</ref>
The ''[[Historia belli sacri]]'', written somewhat later c. 1131, also cites the battle cry.<ref name=":3" /> It is again mentioned in the context of the [[Siege of Antioch|capture of Antioch]] on 3 June 1098. The anonymous author of the ''Gesta'' was himself among the soldiers capturing the wall towers, and recounts that "seeing that they were already in the towers, they began to shout ''Deus le volt'' with glad voices; so indeed did we shout".<ref>''Gesta Francorum'' 20.7, Hagenmeyer (1890),
[https://archive.org/stream/anonymigestafra00hagegoog#page/n320/mode/1up p. 304]; some manuscripts also mention cries of ''[[kyrie eleison]]''.</ref>
=== Robert the Monk ===
[[Robert the Monk]] in c. 1120 re-wrote the ''Gesta Francorum'' because it was considered too "rustic".{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} He added an account of the speech of Urban II at the [[Council of Clermont]], of which he was an eyewitness. The speech climaxes in Urban's call for orthodoxy, reform, and submission to the Church. Robert records that the pope asked western Christians, poor and rich, to come to the aid of the Greeks in the east:
<blockquote>When Pope Urban had said these and very many similar things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out, 'It is the will of God! It is the will of God!' When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, with eyes uplifted to heaven he gave thanks to God and, with his hand commanding silence, said: Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, "Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them." Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!<ref>Robert the Monk: Historia Hierosolymitana. in [RHC, Occ III.]
Dana C. Munro, "Urban and the Crusaders", Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, Vol 1:2, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1895), 5-8 ([https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html#robert Medieval Sourcebook]).</ref></blockquote>
Robert also reports that the cry of ''Deus lo vult'' was at first shouted in jest by the soldiers of Bohemond during their combat exercises, and later turned into an actual battle cry, which Bohemond interpreted as a divine sign.<ref>Hagenmeyer (1890), [https://archive.org/stream/anonymigestafra00hagegoog#page/n167/mode/1up p. 151], note 10, citing Historia Regum Francorum mOnast. S. Dionysii (ed. Waitz in Mon. Germ. SS. IX p. 405), and for battle cries of the crusaders in general: Ekk. Hieros. p. 90, 234; Röhricht, ''Beiträge'' II, 47.</ref>
==Other uses==
''Deus lo vult'' is the motto of the [[Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]], a Roman Catholic order of chivalry (restored 1824).<!--the heraldic motto might already date to its recognition in 1693, but this needs research/evidence--><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5caAAAAYAAJ |title=Tuitio Europae: Chivalric Orders on the Spiritual Paths of Europe : Proceedings of the Conference "The Spiritual Paths of Europe--Crusades, Pilgrimages, and Chivalric Orders"|location=[[Turku]]|date=November 29, 1997|editor1=Luigi G. De Anna|editor2=Pauliina De Anna|editor3=Eero Kuparinen |publisher=[[University of Turku]]|isbn=9789512913008}}</ref>
Admiral [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], a [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopalian]], used the expression for his argument of "the dominion of Christ" as "essentially imperial" and that "Christianity and warfare" had a great deal in common: {{Double single}}Deus vult!' say I. It was the cry of the Crusaders and of the Puritans and I doubt if man ever uttered a nobler [one]."<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unilateralforcei00maha/page/12|title=Unilateral Force in International Relations|last=Mahan|first=Alfred Thayer|publisher=[[Garland Publishing]]|year=1972|isbn=9780824003487|editor1-last=Karsten|editor1-first=Peter|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/unilateralforcei00maha/page/12 12]|chapter=Some Neglected Aspects of War|oclc=409536|authorlink=Alfred Thayer Mahan|editor2-last=Hunt|editor2-first=Richard N.|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>
[[George Flahiff]] CSB in 1947 used ''Deus Non Vult'' as the title of an examination of the gradual loss of enthusiasm for the crusades at the end of the 12th century, specifically of the early criticism of the crusades by [[Ralph Niger]], writing in 1189.<ref>
George B. Flahiff, "Deus Non Vult: A Critic of the Third Crusade", ''Mediaeval Studies'' 9 (1947), 162–188, doi: 10.1484/J.MS.2.306566.</ref>
Disseminated in the form of hashtags and internet memes, ''Deus vult'' has enjoyed popularity with members of the [[alt-right]] because of its perceived representation of the [[Clash of Civilizations|clash of civilizations]] between the Christian West and the Islamic world.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Dorothy |title=The Alt-Right and Medieval Religions |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-alt-right-and-medieval-religions |website=Berkeley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs |publisher=Georgetown University |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ulaby |first1=Neda |title=Scholars Say White Supremacists Chanting 'Deus Vult' Got History Wrong |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/04/548505783/scholars-say-white-supremacists-chanting-deus-vult-got-history-wrong |website=NPR |publisher=National Public Radio |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|author=Staff|date=18 August 2017|title=Deconstructing the symbols and slogans spotted in Charlottesville|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/local/charlottesville-videos/|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> Crusader [[Meme|memes]], such as an image of a [[Knights Templar|Knight Templar]] accompanied by the caption "I’ll see your jihad and raise you one crusade", are popular on hard-right internet pages''.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Dan|date=10 October 2019|title=What the Far Right Gets Wrong About the Crusades|url=https://time.com/5696546/far-right-history-crusades/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en}}</ref> The motto is also used by [[Nationalism|nationalist]] groups in Europe and was portrayed on large banners during marches celebrating the [[National Independence Day (Poland)|Polish National Independence Day]] in 2017.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Guardian agencies in Warsaw|first=|date=13 November 2017|title=Polish president condemns far-right scenes at Independence Day march|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/13/polish-president-condemns-far-right-scenes-at-independence-day-march|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-16|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/polish-president-sharply-condemns-weekend-nationalist-march/|title=Polish president sharply condemns weekend nationalist march|last=Gera|first=Vanessa|date=2017-11-14|website=[[Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
==See also==
*B. Lacroix, "Deus le volt!: la théologie d'un cri", ''Études de civilisation médiévale (IXe-XIIe siècles). Mélanges offerts à Edmond-René Labande'', Poitiers (1974), 461–470.
{{Alt-right}}
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[[Category:Alt-right]]
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