ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "เกมแห่งศตวรรษ (หมากรุก)"
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หน้าใหม่: '''เกมหมากรุกแห่งศตวรรษ''' ({{lang-en|The Game of the Century}}) เป็นการแข่งขันหมากรุก... |
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รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 01:53, 23 ตุลาคม 2562
เกมหมากรุกแห่งศตวรรษ (อังกฤษ: The Game of the Century) เป็นการแข่งขันหมากรุกระหว่าง บ็อบบี ฟิชเชอร์ กับ โดนัล เบิร์น (Donald Byrne) ใน Rosenwald Memorial ทัวร์นาเม้นต์ ที่จัดขึ้น ณ สโมสรหมากรุกมาร์แชล (Marshall Chess CLub) ในมหานครนิวยอร์กเมื่อปี ค.ศ. 1956 ในขณะที่ บ็อบบี ฟิชเชอร์ มีอายุได้เพียง 13 ปี. ชัยชนะของฟิชเชอร์ซึ่งเป็นเด็กอายุเพียง 13 ปี ต่อ โดนัล เบิร์น ซึ่งเป็นนักหมากรุกอันดับต้น ๆ ของสหรัฐอเมริกาในขณะนั้น ทำให้วงการหมากรุกตกตะลึงในทักษะการเดินหมากที่สวยงามและสร้างสรรค์ของฟิชเชอร์ จนนิตยสารหมากรุกชั้นนำอย่าง Chess Review ได้ขนานนามการแข่งขันแมตช์นี้ว่า "เกมแห่งศตวรรษ" และทำให้ บ็อบบี ฟิชเชอร์ มีชื่อเสียงไปทั่วทั้งวงการหมากรุกในฐานะอัฉริยะรุ่นเยาว์.
เกมแห่งศตวรรษ
โดนัล เบิร์น - บ็อบบี ฟิชเชอร์
นิวยอร์ค, ตุลาคม ค.ศ. 1956 (โรเซนวัลด์ เมมโมเรียล), รอบที่ 8
1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7
4. d4 0-0
5. Bf4 d5 6. Qb3?! dxc4
7. Qxc4 c6 8. e4 Nbd7
9. Rd1 Nb6 10. Qc5? Bg4
11. Bg5?
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ตำแหน่งหมากหลังจาก 11.Bg5
- Wanting to prevent 11...Nfd7 followed by ...e5, but Byrne errs by not completing his development.[1] Numerous authors suggest 11.Be2 instead, protecting the king and preparing แม่แบบ:Chessgloss castling.[2][1][3] Flear–Morris, Dublin 1991, continued 11.Be2 Nfd7 12.Qa3 Bxf3 13.Bxf3 e5 14.dxe5 Qe8 15.Be2 Nxe5 16.0-0 and White was slightly better.[2]
11... Na4แม่แบบ:Chesspunc
- "One of the most powerful moves of all time." (Jonathan Rowson).[4] Fischer offers an ingenious knight sacrifice. If Byrne played 12.Nxa4, Fischer would reply 12...Nxe4, leaving Byrne with some terrible choices:
- 13.Qxe7 Qa5+ 14.b4 Qxa4 15.Qxe4 Rfe8 16.Be7 Bxf3 17.gxf3 Bf8 produces a deadly pin;
- 13.Bxe7 Nxc5 14.Bxd8 Nxa4 15.Bg5 Bxf3 16.gxf3 Nxb2 gives Fischer an extra pawn and ruins Byrne's pawn structure;
- 13.Qc1 Qa5+ 14.Nc3 Bxf3 15.gxf3 Nxg5 regains the sacrificed piece with a better position and extra pawn;
- 13.Qb4 Nxg5 14.Nxg5 Bxd1 15.Kxd1 Bxd4 16.Qd2 Bxf2 with a winning material advantage (Fischer).
12. Qa3 Nxc3 13. bxc3 Nxe4แม่แบบ:Chesspunc
- Fischer again offers material in order to open the e-file and get at White's uncastled king.
14. Bxe7 Qb6 15. Bc4
- Byrne wisely declines the offered material. If 15.Bxf8 Bxf8 16.Qb3, Fischer analyzes 16...Nxc3! 17.Qxb6 (17.Qxc3แม่แบบ:Chesspunc Bb4 wins the queen) axb6 18.Ra1 Re8+ 19.Kd2 Ne4+ 20.Kc2 Nxf2 21.Rg1 Bf5+, which he considers winning for Black. Also strong is 16...Re8 17.Qxb6 (17.Be2 Nxc3!) axb6 18.Be2 Nxc3 19.Rd2 Bb4 20.Kf1 Ne4 21.Rb2 Bc3 22.Rc2 Nd2+! 23.Kg1 (23.Nxd2 Bxe2+ 24.Kg1 Bd3! 25.Rc1 Bxd2 leaves Black with a winning material advantage) 23...Rxe2 24.Rxc3 Nxf3+ 25.gxf3 Bh3 26.Rc1 Rxa2 leaving White paralyzed.
15... Nxc3!
- Now both 16.Qxc3 Rfe8 and 16.Bxf8 Bxf8 favor Black.[5]
16. Bc5 Rfe8+ 17. Kf1 (see diagram)
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After 17.Kf1. Instead of protecting his queen, Fischer launches a stunning counterattack with 17...Be6!!
- Byrne threatens Fischer's queen; Fischer brings his rook into play, displacing Byrne's king. It appears that Fischer must solve his problems with his queen, whereupon White can play 18.Qxc3, with a winning material advantage. Jack Straley Battell writes that the masters observing the game considered Black's position lost.[6]
17... Be6!!
- This is the move that made this game famous. Instead of saving his queen, Fischer offers to sacrifice it. Fischer pointed out that 17...Nb5? loses to 18.Bxf7+ Kxf7 19.Qb3+ Be6 20.Ng5+ Kg8 21.Nxe6 Nxd4 22.Nxd4+ Qxb3 23.Nxb3.[7]
18. Bxb6?
- Byrne takes the offered queen, hoping to outplay his 13-year-old opponent in the ensuing complications. Fischer gets far too much for his queen, however, leaving Byrne with a hopeless game. The move 18.Bxe6 would have been even worse, leading to a smothered mate with 18...Qb5+ 19.Kg1 Ne2+ 20.Kf1 Ng3+ 21.Kg1 Qf1+! 22.Rxf1 Ne2แม่แบบ:ChessAN. White's 18.Qxc3 would have been met by 18...Qxc5! and if 19.dxc5, 19...Bxc3 and Black should win the endgame. White's best chance may have been 18.Bd3 Nb5!, which Kmoch wrote would also result in "a win for Black in the long run".[8]
18... Bxc4+
- Fischer now begins a 'windmill' series of แม่แบบ:Chessgloss, picking up material.
19. Kg1 Ne2+ 20. Kf1 Nxd4+ 21. Kg1
- 21.Rd3? axb6 22.Qc3 Nxf3 23.Qxc4 Re1# (Fischer).
21... Ne2+ 22. Kf1 Nc3+ 23. Kg1 axb6
- Fischer captures a piece, simultaneously attacking Byrne's queen.
24. Qb4 Ra4!
- Fischer's pieces cooperate nicely: the bishop on g7 protects the knight on c3, which protects the rook on a4, which in turn protects the bishop on c4 and forces Byrne's queen away. Perhaps Byrne overlooked this move when analyzing 18.Bxb6, expecting instead 24...Nxd1? 25.Qxc4, which is much less clear. Otherwise, it is hard to explain why Byrne played 18.Bxb6, since Black now has a clear แม่แบบ:Chessgloss.
25. Qxb6
- Trying to protect his rook with 25.Qd6 loses the queen to 25...Nxd1 26.Qxd1 Rxa2 threatening 27...Ra1.[5]
25... Nxd1 (see diagram)
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After 25...Nxd1. Fischer has more than enough material for his sacrificed queen.
- Fischer has gained a rook, two bishops, and a pawn for his sacrificed queen, leaving him ahead the equivalent, roughly, of one แม่แบบ:Chessgloss – an easily winning advantage in master play. White's queen is far outmatched by Black's pieces, which dominate the board and will soon overrun White's position. Moreover, Byrne's remaining rook is stuck on h1 and it will take precious time (and the loss of the pawn on f2) to free it. Byrne could have แม่แบบ:Chessgloss here, but chose to play on until checkmate, as a courtesy to Fischer's skill.[9]
26. h3 Rxa2 27. Kh2 Nxf2 28. Re1 Rxe1 29. Qd8+ Bf8 30. Nxe1 Bd5 31. Nf3 Ne4 32. Qb8 b5
- Note that every piece and pawn of Black's is defended, leaving White's queen with nothing to do.
33. h4 h5 34. Ne5 Kg7
- Fischer breaks the pin, allowing the bishop to attack as well.
35. Kg1 Bc5+ (see diagram)
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After 35...Bc5+. Mate is inevitable.
- Now Fischer uses his pieces in concert to force mate.
36. Kf1 Ng3+ 37. Ke1 Bb4+
- Kmoch notes that with 37...Re2+ Fischer could have mated a move sooner.[10]
38. Kd1 Bb3+ 39. Kc1 Ne2+ 40. Kb1 Nc3+ 41. Kc1 Rc2แม่แบบ:ChessAN แม่แบบ:ChessAN
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| 8 |  | 8 | |||||||
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Final position after 41...Rc2# (a pure mate)
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Alexander (1972), p. 36.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ
<ref>ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อBurgess p. 214 - ↑ Robert Wade and Kevin J. O'Connell, Bobby Fischer's Chess Games (2nd ed. 1973), p. 111. ISBN 0-385-08627-X.
- ↑ Rowson, Jonathan (1999). Understanding the Grünfeld. Gambit Publications. p. 17. ISBN 1-901983-09-9.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alexander (1972), p. 37.
- ↑ Jack Straley Battell, Collier's Encyclopedia Vol 6 (1966), p 196
- ↑ Fischer (1959), p. 65.
- ↑ Horowitz and Battell (1965), pp. 329-30.
- ↑ One of Byrne's chess students related later why he played on: "First of all, you have to remember that in 1956 no one knew that Bobby Fischer was going to become Bobby Fischer! He was just a very promising 13-year-old kid who played a great game against me. When it got to the position where I was lost, I asked some of the other competitors if it might be a nice thing to let the kid mate me, as a kind of tribute to the fine game he played. They said, 'Sure, why not?' and so I did." Tim Krabbé, Open Chess Diary (scroll down to No. 241) (quoting Don Heisman).
- ↑ Horowitz and Battell (1965), p. 330.