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แม้กระทั่งในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ยังมีจารึกภาษาสันสกฤตที่ใช้ [[อักษรปัลลวะ]] [[อักษรขอม]] นอกจากนี้ชาวยุโรปยังใช้[[อักษรโรมัน]]เขียนภาษาสันสกฤต โดยเพิ่มเติมจุดและเครื่องหมายเล็กน้อยเท่านั้น
==สระ==
The cardinal vowels (''svaras'') ''i'' (อิ), ''u'' (อุ), ''a'' (อะ) distinguish length in Sanskrit, states Jamison.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=9}}{{sfn|Robert P. Goldman|Sally J Sutherland Goldman|2002|pp=1-9}} The short ''a'' (अ) in Sanskrit is a closer vowel than ā, equivalent to schwa. The mid vowels ē (ए) and ō (ओ) in Sanskrit are monophthongizations of the Indo-Iranian diphthongs ∗ai and ∗au. The Old Iranian language preserved *ai and ∗au.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=9}} In contrast, in Sanskrit, they are inherently long. The vocalic liquid *r̥ in Sanskrit is a merger of PIE ∗r̥ and ∗l̥. The long r̥ is an innovation and it is used in a few analogically generated morphological categories.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=9}}{{sfn|Michael Coulson|Richard Gombrich|James Benson|2011|pp=21-36}}{{sfn|Colin P. Masica|1993|pp=163-165}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:60%"
|+Sanskrit vowels in the Devanagari script{{cn|date=September 2018}}<br>(note: Sanskrit is written in many scripts)<br>Sounds in grey are not phonemic.
|-
!
|rowspan="10" |
!Independent form
![[IAST]]/<br>[[ISO 15919|ISO]]
|rowspan="10" |
!Independent form
!IAST/<br>ISO
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}''<br>([[Guttural]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อะ}}
|{{IAST|a}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อา}}
|{{IAST|ā}}
|-
!''{{IAST|tālavya}}''<br>([[Palatal]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อิ}}
|{{IAST|i}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อี}}
|{{IAST|ī}}
|-
!''{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}''<br>([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อุ}}
|{{IAST|u}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อู}}
|{{IAST|ū}}
|-
!''{{IAST|mūrdhanya}}''<br>([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฤ}}
|{{IAST|ṛ}}/r̥
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฤๅ}}
|{{IAST|ṝ}}/r̥̄
|-
!''{{IAST|dantya}}''<br>([[Dental consonant|Dental]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฦ}}
|{{IAST|ḷ}}/l̥
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|({{lang|und-Deva|ฦๅ}})
|({{IAST|ḹ}}/l̥̄)<ref>''{{IAST|ḹ}}'' is not an actual sound of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the written vowels to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters. (Salomon 2003 p.75)</ref>
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhatālavya}}''<br>(Palatoguttural)
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|เอ}}
|{{IAST|e}}/ē
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ไอ}}
|{{IAST|ai}}
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhoṣṭhya}}''<br>(Labioguttural)
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|โอ}}
|{{IAST|o}}/ō
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|เอา}}
|{{IAST|au}}
|-
!''(consonantal allophones)''
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|อํ}}
|{{IAST|aṃ}}/aṁ<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} notes of this diacritic that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic [[nasal stop]] [...], a [[nasalized vowel|nasalised vowel]], a nasalised [[semivowel]], or all these according to context".</ref>
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|◌}}
|{{IAST|aḥ}}<ref>This ''visarga'' is a consonant, not a vowel. It's a post-vocalic [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|[h]}}, and an [[allophone]] of ''{{IAST|s}}'' (or less commonly ''{{IAST|r}}'') usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the preceding vowel after the [h] ({{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=6}}): <span style="font-size:14pt;">{{lang|und-Deva|इः}}</span> {{IPA|[ihi]}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} considers the ''visarga'', along with letters <span style="font-size:14pt;">{{lang|und-Deva|ङ}}</span> ''{{IAST|ṅa}}'' and <span style="font-size:14pt;">{{lang|und-Deva|ञ}}</span> ''{{IAST|ña}}'', for the "largely predictable" [[velar nasal|velar]] and [[palatal nasal]]s, to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the [writing] system".</ref>
|}
According to Masica, Sanskrit has four traditional semivowels, with which were classed, "for morphophonemic reasons, the liquids: y, r, l, and v; that is, as y and v were the non-syllabics corresponding to i, u, so were r, l in relation to r̥ and l̥".{{sfn|Colin P. Masica|1993|pp=160-161}} The northwestern, the central and the eastern Sanskrit dialects have had a historic confusion between "r" and "l". The Paninian system that followed the central dialect preserved the distinction, likely out of reverence for the Vedic Sanskrit that distinguished the "r" and "l". However, the northwestern dialect only had "r", while the eastern dialect probably only had "l", states Masica. Thus literary works from different parts of ancient India appear inconsistent in their use of "r" and "l", resulting in doublets that is occasionally semantically differentiated.{{sfn|Colin P. Masica|1993|pp=160-161}}
==พยัญชนะ==
Sanskrit possesses a symmetric consonantal phoneme structure based on how the sound is articulated, though the actual usage of these sounds conceals the lack of parallelism in the apparent symmetry possibly from historical changes within the language.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=9-10}} The glides and liquids regularly alternate with vowels in Sanskrit, for example, i ≈ y; u ≈ v ([w]); r̥ ≈ r ; l̥ ≈ l, states Jamison.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Michael Coulson|Richard Gombrich|James Benson|2011|pp=1-20}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:95%"
|+Sanskrit consonants in the Devanagari script{{cn|date=September 2018}}<br>(note: Sanskrit is written in many scripts)<br>Consonants in grey are not phonemic.
|-
!
! colspan=8 | ''{{IAST|sparśa}}''<br>([[Plosive consonant|Plosive]])
! colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|anunāsika}}''<br>([[Nasal stop|Nasal]])
! colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|antastha}}''<br>([[Approximant]])
! colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|ūṣman/saṃghaṣhrī}}''<br>([[Fricative consonant|Fricative]])
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4"| ''{{IAST|aghoṣa}}''
| colspan="8" style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|ghoṣa}}''
| colspan="2"| ''{{IAST|aghoṣa}}''
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}''
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}''
| colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}''
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}''
| colspan=4 | ''{{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}''
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}''
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}''<br>([[Guttural]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ก}}||{{IAST|ka}}<br>{{IPA|/k/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ข}}||{{IAST|kha}}<br>{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ค}}||{{IAST|ga}}<br>{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฆ}}||{{IAST|gha}}<br>{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ง}}||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br>{{IPA|[ŋ]}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ห}}||{{IAST|ha}}<br>{{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
!''tālavya''<br>([[Palatal]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|จ}}||{{IAST|ca}}<br>{{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฉ}}||{{IAST|cha}}<br>{{IPA|/t͡ɕʰ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ช}}||{{IAST|ja}}<br>{{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฌ}}||{{IAST|jha}}<br>{{IPA|/d͡ʑʱ/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ญ}}||{{IAST|ña}}<br>{{IPA|[ɲ]}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ย}}||{{IAST|ya}}<br>{{IPA|/j/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ศ}}||{{IAST|śa}}<br>{{IPA|/ɕ/}}
|-
!''mūrdhanya''<br>([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฏ}}||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br>{{IPA|/t̠/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฐ}}||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br>{{IPA|/t̠ʰ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฑ}}||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br>{{IPA|/d̠/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ฒ}}||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̠ʱ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ณ}}||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/n̠/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ร}}||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ษ}}||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/s̠/}}
|-
!''dantya''<br>([[Dental consonant|Dental]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ต}}||{{IAST|ta}}<br>{{IPA|/t̪/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ถ}}||{{IAST|tha}}<br>{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ท}}||{{IAST|da}}<br>{{IPA|/d̪/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ธ}}||{{IAST|dha}}<br>{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|น}}||{{IAST|na}}<br>{{IPA|/n̪/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ล}}||{{IAST|la}}<br>{{IPA|/l/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ส}}||{{IAST|sa}}<br>{{IPA|/s/}}
|-
!''{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}''<br>([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ป}}||{{IAST|pa}}<br>{{IPA|/p/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ผ}}||{{IAST|pha}}<br>{{IPA|/pʰ, ɸ/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|พ}}||{{IAST|ba}}<br>{{IPA|/b/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ภ}}||{{IAST|bha}}<br>{{IPA|/bʱ, β/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ม}}||{{IAST|ma}}<br>{{IPA|/m/}}
| style="background:#ffdec1; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ว}}||{{IAST|va}}<br>{{IPA|/w, ʋ/}}
| colspan="2"|
|}
Sanskrit had a series of retroflex stops. All the retroflexes in Sanskrit are in "origin conditioned alternants of dentals, though from the beginning of the language they have a qualified independence", states Jamison.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=9-10}}
The palatals are affricates in Sanskrit, not stops.{{cn|date=September 2018}}{{fix|text=then why are they stops in the table above?}} The palatal nasal is a conditioned variant of n occurring next to palatal obstruents.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=9-10}} The ''anusvara'' that Sanskrit deploys is a conditioned alternant of postvocalic nasals, under certain sandhi conditions.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=10}} Its ''visarga'' is a word-final or morpheme-final conditioned alternant of s and r under certain sandhi conditions.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=10}}
{{Quote box
|quote = '''The system of Sanskrit Sounds'''<br>[The] order of Sanskrit sounds works along three principles: it goes from simple to complex; it goes from the back to the front of the mouth; and it groups similar sounds together. (...) Among themselves, both the vowels and consonants are ordered according to where in the mouth they are pronounced, going from back to front.
|source = — A. M. Ruppel, ''The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit''{{sfn|A. M. Ruppel|2017|pp=18-19}}
|width = 28%
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The voiceless aspirated series is also an innovation in Sanskrit{{cn|date=September 2018}} but is significantly rarer than the other three series.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=9-10}}
While Panini{{cn|date=September 2018}} invented and organized sounds for expression beyond those found in the PIE language, Sanskrit retained many features found in the Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages. An example of a similar process in all three, states Jamison, is the retroflex sibilant .s being the automatic product of dental s following i, u, r, and k (mnemonically “ruki”).{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=10}}
== นักภาษาสันสกฤตในประเทศไทย ==
| 