ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา"
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{{การปกครองทั่วโลก}}
[[ไฟล์:Forms of government parliamentary.svg|right|400px|thumb|'''แผนที่ความแตกต่างของระบบรัฐสภา'''
{{legend|#ff9a33|[[สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา]] ประธานาธิบดีที่ไม่มีอำนาจในการปกครอง}}
{{legend|#66bb66|[[สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา]] with an [[President#Parliamentary systems|executive president]] dependent on the legislature.}}
{{legend|#e75353|[[ราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ]] พระมหากษัตริย์ที่ไม่มีอำนาจในการปกครอง}}]]
'''สาธารณรัฐแบบรัฐสภา''' คือ [[สาธารณรัฐ]]ซึ่งบริหารภายใต้ระบบการปกครองแบบ[[รัฐสภา]] โดย[[อำนาจบริหาร|ฝ่ายบริหาร]] (รัฐบาล) ได้รับความชอบธรรมจากและรับผิดชอบต่อ[[สภานิติบัญญัติ]] มีสาธารณรัฐแบบรัฐสภาแบบต่าง ๆ ส่วนมากมีการแบ่งแยกชัดเจนระหว่าง[[หัวหน้ารัฐบาล]]และ[[ประมุขแห่งรัฐ]] โดยหัวหน้ารัฐบาลเป็นผู้ครองอำนาจที่แท้จริง เช่นเดียวกับ[[ราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ]] บ้างรวมบทบาทของประมุขแห่งรัฐและหัวหน้ารัฐบาล เช่นเดียวกับ[[ระบบประธานาธิบดี]] แต่ยังต้องอาศัยอำนาจของรัฐสภา
== รายชื่อประเทศที่ปกครองแบบสาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!ประเทศ
!อดีต
!สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภาเมื่อ
!ประมุขแห่งรัฐได้รับโดย
!Cameral structure
|-
| {{flag|Albania}}
| [[One-party state]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-<!--
| {{flag|Armenia}}
| [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2018<ref group="note" name="Z">Changed after the [[Armenian constitutional referendum, 2015|2015 referendum]].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by absolute majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|--->
| {{flag|Austria}}
| One-party state (as part of [[Nazi Germany]], see ''[[Anschluss]]'')
| style="text-align:center;"|1945<!-- Presidents of Austria chose to abdicate their powers by convention c. 1966, has formally a semi-presidential constitution, dated from 1929. -->
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Direct election]], by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1991<ref group="note" name="A">Was, previously, a parliamentary republic between 1971 and 1975.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| One-party state (part of [[Yugoslavia]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post vote
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}}
| British protectorate ([[Bechuanaland Protectorate]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1966
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]
| One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}} [[Croatia]]
| [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2000
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| One-party state (part of [[Czechoslovakia]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1993
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Dominica}}
| [[Associated state]] of the United Kingdom
| style="text-align:center;"|1978
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| One-party state (part of [[Soviet Union]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1991<ref group="note" name="B">Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1919 and 1934 when the government was overthrown by a ''coup d'état''. In 1938, Estonia adopted a presidential system and in June 1940 was occupied and annexed by the [[Soviet Union]].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by two-thirds majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by two-thirds majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Fiji}}
| Military dictatorship
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2000<ref group="note" name="C">Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 {{ISBN|9780719078538}}), he quotes {{Cite journal | last = Nousiainen | first = Jaakko | title = From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland | journal = [[Scandinavian Political Studies]] | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–109 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/1467-9477.00048 | date = June 2001 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00048 | ref = harv }} as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendements reduced the powers of the president even further.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|1949<ref group="note" name="D">In the case of the former [[West Germany|West German]] states, including former [[West Berlin]], the previous one-party state is [[Nazi Germany]], but in the case of the [[New Länder]] and former [[East Berlin]] it is [[East Germany]]. Please note that [[German reunification]] took place on 3 October 1990, when the five re-established states of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin was united into a single city-state. Therefore, this date applies to today's Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, although the area of former East Germany was no part of that parliamentary republic until 1990.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Federal Assembly (parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| Military dictatorship; [[constitutional monarchy]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1975
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by absolute majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}
| Constitutional monarchy (part of [[Denmark]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1944<!-- This is a similar case to that of Austria. -->
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|India}}
| Constitutional monarchy (British [[Dominion]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1950
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}}
| One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|2005
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by two-thirds majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral<ref>Officially bicameral, upper house never entered into functions, to present day.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| Constitutional monarchy (British [[Dominion]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1949<ref group="note" name="E">[[Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949]].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by instant-runoff vote
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| [[Semi-parliamentary system|Semi-parliamentary]] republic
| style="text-align:center;"|2001
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| Constitutional monarchy
| style="text-align:center;"|1946
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by absolute majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Kiribati}}
| Protectorate
| style="text-align:center;"|1979
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Kosovo}}
| [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UN-administered Kosovo]] (formally part of [[Serbia]])
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot,<br />if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| Presidential republic
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}
| One-party state (part of [[Soviet Union]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1991<ref group="note" name="F">Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a ''coup d'état''. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the [[Soviet Union]].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Lebanon}}
| Protectorate ([[French mandate of Lebanon]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1941
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
|{{flag|Macedonia}}
| One-party state (part of the [[Yugoslavia]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| Constitutional monarchy ([[Commonwealth realm]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1974
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
| UN Trust Territory (part of [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1979
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Mauritius}}
| Constitutional monarchy ([[Commonwealth realm]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Micronesia}}
| UN Trust Territory (Part of [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1986
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Moldova}}
| Semi-presidential republic
| style="text-align:center;"|2001
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system<br />(since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Montenegro}}
| One-party state (Part of [[Yugoslavia]], and after [[Serbia and Montenegro]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1992<!-- Makes no sense. Country did not exist, as sovereign state, at the time! -->
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| Military dictatorship
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by an electoral college
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Nauru}}
| Australian Trust Territory
| style="text-align:center;"|1968
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| Constitutional monarchy
| style="text-align:center;"|2015<ref group="note" name="G">Had a transitional government between 2008 and 2015.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament and state legislators<!-- By majority or instant-runoff vote? -->
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral<ref>[http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf Constitution of Nepal] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223153410/http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |date=December 23, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| Semi-presidential republic
| style="text-align:center;"| 2010<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kiran Khalid, CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/ |title=Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers |publisher=CNN.com |date=2010-04-09 |accessdate=2010-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/11-Apr-2010/18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution |title='18th Amendment to restore Constitution' | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online |publisher=Nation.com.pk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414123429/http://www.nation.com.pk:80/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/11-Apr-2010/18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution |archivedate=2010-04-14 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Samoa}}
| Trust Territory of [[New Zealand]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1960
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|San Marino}}
| [[Autocracy]] (part of the Roman Empire)
| style="text-align:center;"|301
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}}
| One-party state (part of [[Yugoslavia]], and after [[Serbia and Montenegro]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Singapore}}
| [[Singapore in Malaysia|State of Malaysia]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1965
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election (since 1993)
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| One-party state (part of [[Czechoslovakia]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1993
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
| One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election, by second-round system
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Somalia}}
| One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|2012<ref group="note" name="H">Had a transitional government between 1991 and 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|South Africa}}
| Constitutional monarchy ([[Commonwealth realm]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1961
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Suriname}}
| Military dictatorship
| style="text-align:center;"|1987
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Switzerland}}
| Confederation
| style="text-align:center;"|1848
| style="text-align:center;"|Federal Assembly (parliament and canton delegates), by absolute majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| Constitutional monarchy ([[Commonwealth realm]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1976
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament
| style="text-align:center;"|Bicameral
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
| One-party state
| style="text-align:center;"|1923
| style="text-align:center;"|Direct election (since 2007)
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|-
| {{flag|Vanuatu}}
| British–French [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] ([[New Hebrides]])
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
| style="text-align:center;"|Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority
| style="text-align:center;"|Unicameral
|}
== ดูเพิ่ม ==
* [[ระบบรัฐสภา]]
== ข้อมูล ==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}
== อ้างอิง ==
{{รายการอ้างอิง}}
[[หมวดหมู่:ระบอบการปกครอง]]
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