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== ดูเพิ่ม ==
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[[หมวดหมู่:ออกไซด์| ]]
เส้น 60 ⟶ 64:
[[uk:Оксид]]
[[zh:氧化物]]
 
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An '''oxide''' is a [[chemical compound]] containing an [[oxygen]] atom and other elements. Most of the earth's crust consists of oxides. Oxides result when elements are oxidized by air. Combustion of [[hydrocarbon]]s affords the two principal oxides of carbon, [[carbon monoxide]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. Even materials that are considered to be pure elements often contain a coating of oxides. For example, [[aluminium foil]] has a thin skin of [[alumina|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] that protects the foil from further [[corrosion]].
 
==Most oxides are insoluble in water==
The oxide [[ion]], O<sup>2−</sup>, is the [[conjugate acid|conjugate base]] of the [[hydroxide]] ion, OH<sup>−</sup>, and is encountered in [[ionic compound|ionic]] solid such as [[calcium oxide]]. O<sup>2−</sup> is unstable in [[water|aqueous]] [[solution]] − its affinity for H<sup>+</sup> is so great (pKb ~ -22) that it abstracts a [[proton]] from a solvent H<sub>2</sub>O molecule:
:O<sup>2−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 OH<sup>−</sup>
 
Although many [[anion]]s are stable in aqueous solution, ionic oxides are not.<!--period: they "dissolve by reacting--> For example, [[sodium chloride]] dissolves readily in water to give a solution containing the constituent ions, Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>. Oxides do not behave like this. If an ionic oxide dissolves, the O<sup>2−</sup> ions become protonated. Although [[Calcium oxide]], CaO, is said to "dissolve" in water, the products include [[hydroxide]]:
:CaO + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ca<sup>2+</sup> + 2 OH<sup>-</sup>
In fact, no monoatomic dianion is known to dissolve in water - all are so basic that they undergo [[hydrolysis]]. Concentrations of oxide ion in water are too low to be detectable with current technology.
 
Authentic soluble oxides do exist of course, but they release [[oxyanion]]s, not O<sup>2-</sup>. Well known soluble salts of oxyanions include [[sodium sulfate]] (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), [[potassium permanganate]] (KMnO<sub>4</sub>), and sodium nitrate (NaNO<sub>3</sub>).
 
==Nomenclature==
In the [[18th century]], oxides were named '''calxes''' or '''calces''' after the [[calcination]] process used to produce oxides. ''Calx'' was later replaced by ''oxyd''.
 
Oxides are usually named after the number of oxygen atoms in the oxide. Oxides containing only one oxygen are called oxides or [[mono-|monoxides]], those containing two oxygen atoms are [[di-|dioxides]], three oxygen atoms makes it a [[tri-|trioxide]], four oxygen atoms are [[tetra-|tetroxides]], and so on following the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[numerical prefix]]es.
 
Two other types of oxide are [[peroxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and [[superoxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>. In such species, oxygen is assigned higher [[oxidation state]]s than oxide.
 
==Types of oxides==
Oxides of more [[electropositive]] elements tend to be basic. They are called '''basic anhydrides'''; adding water, they may form basic [[hydroxide]]s. For example, [[sodium oxide]] is basic; when hydrated, it forms [[sodium hydroxide]].
 
Oxides of more [[electronegative]] elements tend to be acidic. They are called '''acid anhydrides'''; adding water, they form [[oxoacid]]s. For example, [[dichlorine heptoxide]] is acid; [[perchloric acid]] is a more hydrated form.
 
Some oxides can act as both acid and base, at different times. They are [[amphoteric]]. An example is [[aluminium oxide]]. Some oxides do not show behavior as either acid or base.
 
The oxides of the [[chemical element]]s in their highest [[oxidation state]] are predictable and the [[chemical formula]] can be derived from the number of [[valence electron]]s for that element. Even the chemical formula of [[ozone]] is predictable as a [[group 16 element]]. One exception is [[copper]] for which the highest oxidation state oxide is [[copper(II) oxide]] and not [[copper(I) oxide]]. Another exception is [[fluoride]] that does not exist as expected as F<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> but as [[oxygen difluoride|OF<sub>2</sub>]] with the least [[electronegative]] element given priority. <ref>''Fully Exploiting the Potential of the Periodic Table through Pattern Recognition'' Schultz, Emeric. J. Chem. Educ. '''2005''' 82 1649.</ref>. [[Phosphorus pentoxide]], the third exception is not properly represented by the chemical formula [[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub> but by [[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>4</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>10</sub>
 
==Common oxides sorted by oxidation state==
 
* Element in (I) state
** [[Copper(I) oxide]] ([[Copper|Cu]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Dicarbon monoxide]] ([[Carbon|C]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Dichlorine monoxide]] ([[Chlorine|Cl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Lithium oxide]] ([[Lithium|Li]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Nitrous oxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Potassium oxide]] ([[Potassium|K]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Rubidium oxide]] ([[Rubidium|Rb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Silver(I) oxide]] ([[Silver|Ag]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Thallium oxide]] ([[Thallium|Tl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Sodium oxide]] ([[Sodium|Na]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Water (molecule)|Water]] ([[Hydrogen|H]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]])
 
* Element in (II) state
** [[Aluminium monoxide]] ([[Aluminium|Al]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Barium oxide]] ([[Barium|Ba]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Beryllium oxide]] ([[Beryllium|Be]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Cadmium oxide]] ([[Cadmium|Cd]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Calcium oxide]] ([[Calcium|Ca]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Carbon monoxide]] ([[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Cobalt(II) oxide]] ([[Cobalt|Co]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Copper(II) oxide]] ([[Copper|Cu]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Iron(II) oxide]] ([[Iron|Fe]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Lead(II) oxide]] ([[Lead|Pb]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Magnesium oxide]] ([[Magnesium|Mg]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Mercury(II) oxide]] ({{mercury}}[[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Nickel(II) oxide]] ([[Nickel|Ni]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Nitrogen oxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Palladium(II) oxide]] ([[Paladium|Pd]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Silver(II) oxide]] ([[Silver|Ag]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Strontium oxide]] ([[Strontium|Sr]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Sulfur monoxide]] ([[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Tin(II) oxide]] ([[Tin|Sn]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Titanium(II) oxide]] ([[Titanium|Ti]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Vanadium(II) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]][[Oxygen|O]])
** [[Zinc oxide]] ([[Zinc|Zn]][[Oxygen|O]])
 
* Element in (III) state
** [[Aluminium oxide]] ([[Aluminium|Al]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Antimony trioxide]] ([[Antimony|Sb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Arsenic trioxide]] ([[Arsenic|As]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Bismuth trioxide]] ([[Bismuth|Bi]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Boron oxide]] ([[Boron|B]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Chromium(III) oxide]] ([[Chromium|Cr]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Dinitrogen trioxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Erbium(III) oxide]] ([[Erbium|Er]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Gadolinium(III) oxide]] ([[Gadolinium|Gd]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Gallium(III) oxide]] ([[Gallium|Ga]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Holmium(III) oxide]] ([[Holmium|Ho]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Indium(III) oxide]] ([[Indium|In]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Iron(III) oxide]] ([[Iron|Fe]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Lanthanum(III) oxide]] ([[Lanthanum|La]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Lutetium(III) oxide]] ([[Lutetium|Lu]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Nickel(III) oxide]] ([[Nickel|Ni]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Phosphorus trioxide]] ([[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>4</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>6</sub>)
** [[Promethium(III) oxide]] ([[Promethium|Pm]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Rhodium(III) oxide]] ([[Rhodium|Rh]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Samarium(III) oxide]] ([[Samarium|Sm]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Scandium(III) oxide]] ([[Scandium|Sc]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Terbium(III) oxide]] ([[Terbium|Tb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Thallium(III) oxide]] ([[Thallium|Tl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Thulium(III) oxide]] ([[Thulium|Tm]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Titanium(III) oxide]] ([[Titanium|Ti]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Tungsten(III) oxide]] ([[Tungsten|W]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Vanadium(III) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Ytterbium(III) oxide]] ([[Ytterbium|Yb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Yttrium(III) oxide]] ([[Yttrium|Y]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
 
* Element in (IV) state
** [[Carbon dioxide]] ([[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Cerium(IV) oxide]] ([[Cerium|Ce]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Chlorine dioxide]] ([[Chlorine|Cl]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Chromium(IV) oxide]] ([[Chromium|Cr]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Dinitrogen tetroxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)
** [[Germanium dioxide]] ([[Germanium|Ge]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Hafnium(IV) oxide]] ([[Hafnium|Hf]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Lead(I) peroxide]] ([[Lead|Pb]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Manganese(IV) oxide]] ([[Manganese|Mn]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Nitrogen dioxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Ozone]] ([[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Plutonium dioxide]] ([[Plutonium|Pu]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Ruthenium(IV) oxide]] ([[Ruthenium|Ru]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Selenium dioxide]] ([[Selenium|Se]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Silicon dioxide]] ([[Silicon|Si]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Sulfur dioxide]] ([[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Tellurium dioxide]] ([[Tellurium|Te]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Thorium dioxide]] ({{thorium}}[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Tin dioxide]] ([[Tin|Sn]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Titanium dioxide]] ([[Titanium|Ti]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Tungsten(IV) oxide]] ([[Tungsten|W]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Uranium dioxide]] ([[Uranium|U]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Vanadium(IV) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
** [[Zirconium dioxide]] ([[Zirconium|Zr]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)
 
* Element in (V) state
** [[Antimony pentoxide]] ([[Antimony|Sb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>)
** [[Arsenic pentoxide]] ([[Arsenic|As]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>)
** [[Dinitrogen pentoxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>)
** [[Phosphorus pentoxide]] ([[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>)
** [[Tantalum pentoxide]] ([[Tantalum|Ta]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>)
** [[Vanadium(V) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>)
 
* Element in (VI) state
** [[Carbon trioxide]] ([[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Chromium trioxide]] ([[Chromium|Cr]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Molybdenum(VI) oxide]] ([[Molybdenum|Mo]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Rhenium trioxide]] ([[Rhenium|Re]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Selenium trioxide]] ([[Selenium|Se]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Sulfur trioxide]] ([[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Tellurium trioxide]] ([[Tellurium|Te]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Tetraoxygen]] ([[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)
** [[Tungsten trioxide]] ([[Tungsten|W]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Uranium trioxide]] ([[Uranium|U]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
** [[Xenon trioxide]] ([[Xenon|Xe]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>)
 
* Element in (VII) state
** [[Dichlorine heptoxide]] ([[Chlorine|Cl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>7</sub>)
** [[Manganese(VII) oxide]] ([[Manganese|Mn]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>7</sub>)
** [[Rhenium(VII) oxide]] ([[Rhenium|Re]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>7</sub>)
 
* Element in (VIII) state
** [[Osmium tetroxide]] ([[Osmium|Os]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)
** [[Ruthenium tetroxide]] ([[Ruthenium|Ru]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)
** [[Xenon tetroxide]] ([[Xenon|Xe]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)
 
== See also ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* Other oxygen ions [[ozonide]], O<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, [[superoxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, [[peroxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup> and [[dioxygenyl]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>.
* [[Suboxide]]
 
* See [[:Category:Oxides]] for a list of oxides.
 
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