ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "สมเด็จพระเจ้าจอร์จที่ 3 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร"

 

Although his accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties,{{efn|For example, the letters of [[Horace Walpole]] written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memoirs were hostile.<ref>Butterfield, pp. 22, 115–117, 129–130</ref>}} the first years of his reign were marked by political instability, largely generated as a result of disagreements over the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>Hibbert, p. 86; Watson, pp. 67–79</ref> George was also perceived as favouring [[Tory]] ministers, which led to his denunciation by the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] as an autocrat.<ref name="rh" /> On his accession, the [[Crown land]]s produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. George surrendered the [[Crown Estate]] to Parliamentary control in return for a [[civil list]] annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history/history/|title=Our history|author=The Crown Estate|year=2004|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Claims that he used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts<ref>{{cite news|author=Kelso, Paul|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/mar/06/monarchy.princessmargaret|journal=[[The Guardian]]|title=The royal family and the public purse|date=6 March 2000|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> are disputed by historians who say such claims "rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition".<ref>Watson, p. 88; this view is also shared by Brooke (see for example p. 99).</ref> Debts amounting to over £3&nbsp;million over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was increased from time to time.<ref>Medley, p. 501</ref> He aided the [[Royal Academy of Arts]] with large grants from his private funds,<ref>Ayling, p. 194; Brooke, pp. xv, 214, 301</ref> and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity.<ref>Brooke, p. 215</ref> Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are [[Johannes Vermeer]]'s ''[[The Music Lesson|Lady at the Virginals]]'' and a set of [[Canaletto]]s, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered.<ref>Ayling, p. 195</ref> The [[King's Library]] was open and available to scholars and was the foundation of a new national library.<ref>Ayling, pp. 196–198</ref>

In May 1762, the incumbent Whig government of the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] was replaced with one led by the Scottish Tory [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]]. Bute's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King's mother, and by exploiting anti-Scottish prejudices amongst the English.<ref>Brooke, p. 145; Carretta, pp. 59, 64 ff.; Watson, p. 93</ref> [[John Wilkes]], a Member of Parliament, published ''[[The North Briton]]'', which was both inflammatory and defamatory in its condemnation of Bute and the government. Wilkes was eventually arrested for [[seditious libel]] but he fled to France to escape punishment; he was expelled from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], and found guilty ''in absentia'' of blasphemy and libel.<ref>Brooke, pp. 146–147</ref> In 1763, after concluding the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Peace of Paris]] which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under [[George Grenville]] to return to power.

 

 

Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act, but his government was weak and he was replaced in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created [[Earl of Chatham]]. The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in [[History of New York City (1665–1783)|New York City]].<ref>Ayling, p. 137; Hibbert, p. 124</ref> Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and the [[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|Duke of Grafton]] took over the government, although he did not formally become Prime Minister until 1768. That year, John Wilkes returned to England, stood as a candidate in the [[British general election, 1768|general election]], and came top of the poll in the [[Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesex constituency]]. Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament. Wilkes was re-elected and expelled twice more, before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared [[Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton|the runner-up]] as the victor.<ref>Ayling, pp. 154–160; Brooke, pp. 147–151</ref> Grafton's government disintegrated in 1770, allowing the Tories led by [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]] to return to power.<ref>Ayling, pp. 167–168; Hibbert, p. 140</ref>

George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer,<ref>Brooke, p. 260; Fraser, p. 277</ref> but his piety was not shared by his brothers. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. In 1770, his brother [[Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn]], was exposed as an adulterer, and the following year Cumberland married a young widow, [[Anne, Duchess of Cumberland and Strathearn|Anne Horton]]. The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride: she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession. George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the Royal Family from legally marrying without the consent of the Sovereign. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]]. Shortly afterward, another of George's brothers, [[Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], revealed he had been secretly married to [[Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Maria, Countess Waldegrave]], the illegitimate daughter of Sir [[Edward Walpole]]. The news confirmed George's opinion that he had been right to introduce the law: Maria was related to his political opponents. Neither lady was ever received at court.<ref>Brooke, pp. 272–282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498</ref>

 

 

== สงครามปฏิวัติฝรั่งเศสและสงครามนโปเลียน ==

 

After George’s recovery, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales.<ref>Ayling, pp. 349–350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. 301–302; Watson, p. 323</ref> His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants, [[Margaret Nicholson]] in 1786 and [[John Frith (assailant)|John Frith]] in 1790, contributed to his popularity.<ref>Carretta, p. 275</ref> [[James Hadfield]]'s failed attempt to shoot the King in the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]] on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and [[Bannister Truelock]]. George seemed unperturbed by the incident, so much so that he fell asleep in the interval.<ref>Ayling, pp. 181–182; Fraser, p. 282</ref>

George did not consider the peace with France as real; in his view it was an "experiment".<ref>Ayling, p. 423</ref> In 1803, the war resumed but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war, and instead favoured Pitt. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. George's review of 27,000 volunteers in [[Hyde Park, London]], on 26 and 28 October 1803 and at the height of the invasion scare, attracted an estimated 500,000 spectators on each day.<ref>Colley, p. 225</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' said, "The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression."<ref>''The Times'', 27 October 1803, p. 2</ref> A courtier wrote on 13 November that, "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning".<ref>Brooke, p. 597</ref> George wrote to his friend [[Richard Hurd (bishop)|Bishop Hurd]], "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion&nbsp;... Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them."<ref>Letter of 30 November 1803, quoted in Wheeler and Broadley, p. xiii</ref> After [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Admiral Lord Nelson]]'s famous naval victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], the possibility of invasion was extinguished.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nelson/gallery8/default.htm|title=Nelson, Trafalgar, and those who served|publisher=National Archives|accessdate=31 October 2009}}</ref>

 

In 1804, George's recurrent illness returned; after his recovery, Addington resigned and Pitt regained power. Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George III refused. [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|Lord Grenville]] perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry.<ref name=dnb/> Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and Sweden. This [[War of the Third Coalition|Third Coalition]], however, met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions, collapsing in 1805. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. Lord Grenville became Prime Minister, and his "[[Ministry of All the Talents]]" included Fox. The King was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. After Fox's death in September 1806, the King and ministry were in open conflict. To boost recruitment, the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the Armed Forces. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future.<ref>Pares, p. 139</ref> They were dismissed and replaced by the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]] as the nominal Prime Minister, with actual power being held by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[Spencer Perceval]]. Parliament was dissolved, and the [[United Kingdom general election, 1807|subsequent election]] gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of the Duke of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little actual significance.<ref>Ayling, pp. 441–442</ref>

== ปลายพระชนม์ชีพ ==

 

In late 1810, at the height of his popularity<ref>Brooke, p. 381; Carretta, p. 340</ref> but already virtually blind with [[cataract]]s and in pain from [[rheumatism]], George III became dangerously ill. In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]].<ref>Hibbert, p. 396</ref> The Princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day&nbsp;... were melancholy beyond description."<ref>Hibbert, p. 394</ref> He accepted the need for the [[Regency Acts#Care of King During his Illness, etc. Act 1811|Regency Act of 1811]],<ref>Brooke, p. 383; Hibbert, pp. 397–398</ref> and the Prince of Wales acted as Regent for the remainder of George III's life. Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year George had become permanently insane and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death.<ref>Fraser, p. 285; Hibbert, pp. 399–402</ref>

George was succeeded by two of his sons [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] and [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]], who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]], the last monarch of the House of Hanover.

== พระราชมรดก ==

 

George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors. Only [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Elizabeth II]] [[List of British monarchs by longevity|have since lived]] and [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|reigned longer]].

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|<center>ตราอาร์มในระหว่างปี 1749 - 1751</center>