ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "การแพทย์ทางเลือก"
เนื้อหาที่ลบ เนื้อหาที่เพิ่ม
Aternative Medicine แก้ไขเป็น Alternative Medicine |
ไม่มีความย่อการแก้ไข |
||
บรรทัด 1:
[[File:Chiropractic spinal adjustment.jpg|thumb|right|150px|หมอจัดกระดูก ({[lang-en|chiropractor}}) กำลังจัดกระดูกสันหลัง]]
[[File:Acupuncture1-1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[การฝังเข็ม]] ({{lang-en|acupuncture}}) เป็นการปักเข็มลงบนร่างกาย]]
[[File:Fallerjfa.JPG|thumb|right|150px|การวางมือแบบชาวคริสต์เป็นวิธีบำบัดด้วยความเชื่อและความศรัทธาทางศาสนา ({{lang-en|prayer intervention and faith healing}})]]
[[File:Use Caution With Ayurvedic Products (FDA October 16, 2008).djvu|thumb|right|150px|คำเตือนเกี่ยวกับผลิตภัณฑ์อายุรเวทโดย FDA เมื่อ 16 ต.ค. 2008 ว่ายาในการรักษาแบบการแพทย์ทางเลือกอาจมีส่วนผสมที่ไม่ปลอดภัยหรือเป็นพิษ]]
[[File:"Miracle Cure!" Health Fraud Scams (8528312890).jpg|thumb|right|150px|ชุมชนวิทยาศาสตร์วิจารณ์การแพทย์ทางเลือกเกี่ยวกับการกล่าวอ้างที่ไม่มีข้อพิสุจน์]]
'''การแพทย์ทางเลือก''' ({{lang-en|Alternative Medicine}}) เป็นศาสตร์เพื่อการวินิจฉัย การรักษาและการป้องกันโรคที่นอกเหนือจากศาสตร์การแพทย์แผนปัจจุบัน เป็นการปฏิบัติใดๆที่ถูกหยิบยกว่ามีผลในการรักษาโรคใดๆ แต่ไม่ได้ตั้งอยู่บนพื้นฐานของ"หลักฐาน"ที่ได้รับการเก็บรวบรวมโดยใช้วิธีการทางวิทยาศาสตร์<ref name=NSF_2002/> มันประกอบไปด้วยความหลากหลายของการดูแลสุขภาพ ผลิตภัณฑ์และการบำบัดรักษาต่างๆ<ref name=FDA_regulatory/> ตัวอย่างเช่นการปฏิบัติทางการแพทย์แบบใหม่และดั้งเดิมเช่น การรักษาโรคด้วยโรคเดียวกัน ({{lang-en|homeopathy}}) การรักษาด้วยวิธีการทางธรรมชาติ ({{lang-en|naturopathy}}) การจัดกระดูก ({{lang-en|chiropractic}}) ยาพลังงาน ({{lang-en|energy medicine}}) รูปแบบต่างๆของการฝังเข็ม แพทย์แผนจีน อายุรเวท และการรักษาตามความเชื่อของคริสเตียน การรักษาโดยวิธีการที่ไม่ได้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของระบบการดูแลสุขภาพแผนปัจจุบันบนพื้นฐานทางวิทยาศาสตร์<ref name=NCCAMwhatiscam>{{cite web| url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/| title=What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)? |accessdate=2006-07-11 |publisher=[[NCCAM|National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]]| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5C1oRX8Qq | archivedate = 2005-12-08| deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=Zollman1999/><ref name=IOM>{{cite web |url=http://iom.edu/Reports/2005/Complementary-and-Alternative-Medicine-in-the-United-States.aspx |title=Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States |publisher=United States [[Institute of Medicine]] |pages=16–20 |date=12 January 2005 |quote=Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a broad domain of resources that encompasses health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes such resources perceived by their users as associated with positive health outcomes. Boundaries within CAM and between the CAM domain and the domain of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed. |accessdate=2011-01-18 }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/index.html |title=Traditional Medicine: Definitions |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |pages= |year=2000 |quote= |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> และไม่ได้รับการสนับสนุนจากหลักฐานทางวิทยาศาสตร์
'''การแพทย์เสริม''' ({{lang-en|complementary medicine}}) เป็นการแพทย์ทางเลือกที่ใช้ร่วมกับการรักษาพยาบาลแผนปัจจุบันตาม"ความเชื่อ"ที่ไม่ได้รับการพิสูจน์โดยใช้วิธีการทางวิทยาศาสตร์ มันช่วย"เสริม"การรักษา{{refn|group=n|The ''Final Report'' (2002) of the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy states:<blockquote>The Commissioners believe and have repeatedly stated in this Report that our response should be to hold all systems of health and healing, including conventional and CAM, to the same rigorous standards of good science and health services research. Although the Commissioners support the provision of the most accurate information about the state of the science of all CAM modalities, they believe that it is premature to advocate the wide implementation and reimbursement of CAM modalities that are yet unproven.<ref name="whccamp.hhs.gov"/></blockquote>}}<ref name=NSF_2002/><ref name= Ernst_1995/><ref name= Joyce_1994/> CAM เป็นตัวย่อของการแพทย์ทางเลือกและเสริม ({{lang-en|complementary alternative medicine}})<ref name=ernstinterview/><ref name=CassilethDeng2004/> แพทย์บูรณาการ (หรือสุขภาพแบบบูรณาการ) ({{lang-en|Integrative medicine หรือ integrative health}}) คือการรวมกันของการปฏิบัติและวิธีการของการแพทย์ทางเลือกกับการแพทย์แผนปัจจุบัน<ref name=BMJ_May/>
การวินิจฉัยและการรักษาแบบการแพทย์ทางเลือกมักจะไม่ถูกรวมอยู่ในหลักสูตรการศึกษาระดับปริญญาของโรงเรียนแพทย์หรือถูกใช้ในการแพทย์แผนปัจจุบันที่การรักษาจะขึ้นอยู่กับสิ่งที่ได้รับการพิสูจน์แล้วโดยใช้วิธีการทางวิทยาศาสตร์ การรักษาแบบทางเลือกขาดการตรวจสอบทางวิทยาศาสตร์ดังกล่าวและประสิทธิภาพของมันก็ไม่ได้ผ่านการพิสูจน์หรือหักล้างแต่อย่างใด<ref name=ATRAMM /><ref name=IGPIAMAYP>{{cite journal | author = Kent Heather | year = 1997 | title = Ignore Growing Patient Interest in Alternative Medicine at Your Peril - MDs Warned | url = | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume = 157 | issue = 10 }}</ref><ref name=NP>{{cite journal | author = Goldrosen MH, Straus SE | year = 2004 | title = Complementary and alternative medicine: assessing the evidence for immunological benefits | url = http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v4/n11/pdf/nri1486.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Nature Perspectives | volume = 4 | issue = 11| pages = 912–921 | doi=10.1038/nri1486 | pmid=15516970}}</ref> การแพทย์ทางเลือกมักจะขึ้นอยู่กับลัทธิศาสนา ประเพณี ไสยศาสตร์ ความเชื่อในพลังเหนือธรรมชาติ วิทยาศาสตร์หลอก ({{lang-en|pseudoscience}}) ข้อผิดพลาดในการให้เหตุผล โฆษณาชวนเชื่อ หรือการฉ้อโกง<ref name=ATRAMM>{{cite journal | author = Sampson W | title = Antiscience Trends in the Rise of the "Alternative Medicine'Movement | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 775 | pages = 188–197 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8678416 | pmc = | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23138.x | issue=1}}</ref><ref name=NSF_altmed>[[National Science Foundation]] survey: [http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding. Science Fiction and Pseudoscience.]</ref><ref name=AMCER>{{cite journal | author = Beyerstein BL | title = Alternative medicine and common errors of reasoning | journal = Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 230–237 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11242572 | doi = 10.1097/00001888-200103000-00009 }}</ref><ref name="psycnet.apa.org">Other sources:
*''Nature Medicine'', September 1996, Volume 2 Number 9, p1042
*''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal'', Hines, Terence, ''American Psychological Association'', [http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2003-02869-000]
*''The Need for Educational Reform in Teaching about Alternative Therapies'', ''Journal of the Association of Medical Colleges'', March 2001 - Volume 76 - Issue 3 - p 248-250
*''The Rise and Rise of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: a Sociological Perspective'', Ian D Coulter and Evan M Willis, ''Medical Journal of Australia'', 2004; 180 (11): 587-589
*''Ignore Growing Patient Interest in Alternative Medicine at Your Peril - MDs Warned'', Heather Kent, ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'', November 15, 1997 vol. 157 no. 10
*''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark'', [[Carl Sagan]], Random House, ISBN 0-394-53512-X, 1996</ref> ระเบียบและใบอนุญาตด้านการแพทย์ทางเลือกและผู้ให้บริการดูแลสุขภาพจะแตกต่างกันไปในแต่ละประเทศและแต่ละรัฐ
ชุมชนวิทยาศาสตร์ได้วิพากษ์วิจารณ์การแพทย์ทางเลือกว่ามันขึ้นอยู่กับถ้อยแถลงที่ทำให้เข้าใจผิด การหลอกลวง วิทยาศาสตร์หลอก ค้านวิทยาศาสตร์ ({{lang-en|antiscience}}) การทุจริตหรือวิธีการทางวิทยาศาสตร์ที่น่าสงสาร การส่งเสริมด้านการแพทย์ทางเลือกถูกเรียกว่าเป็นอันตรายและผิดจรรยาบรรณ<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Jerome Groopman]] |coauthors= |title=The Quackish Cult of Alternative Medicine. Dr. Paul Offit's battle against charlatanism |url=http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114899/paul-offits-do-you-believe-magic-reviewed-dangers |quote=Kessler refers to a lack of efficacy but never pushes back at Hatch by enumerating the dangers that unregulated products pose to the public, the dangers that fill the pages of Offit’s book. ... |newspaper=[[The New Republic]] |date= October 19, 2013 |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> การทดสอบด้านการแพทย์ทางเลือกถูกเรียกว่าเป็นการสูญเสียทรัพยากรการวิจัยทางการแพทย์ที่ขาดแคลนอยู่แล้ว นักวิจารณ์ได้กล่าวว่า "ไม่มีสิ่งที่เป็นการแพทย์ทางเลือกจริงๆ เพียงแต่เป็นการแพทย์ที่ได้ผลและการแพทย์ที่ไม่ได้ผล"<ref name= Dawkins2003a/> และ "มี'ทางเลือก'(ทางการแพทย์ที่มีพื้นฐานจากหลักฐาน)ใดๆที่มีเหตผลหรือไม่?"<ref name= Relman1998/>
== กลุ่มศาสตร์/เทคนิคของศาสตร์เพื่อการปรับสมดุลของ ธาตุ/สารชีวภาพในร่างกาย ==
เส้น 31 ⟶ 46:
* [[สุคนธบำบัด]](Aroma therapy) คือ การบำบัดโดยการใช้กลิ่น ซึ่งได้มาจากพืชโดยวิธีการสกัดเอาสารสำคัญที่เรียกว่า น้ำมันหอมระเหย
* [[แม่เหล็กบำบัด]](Manetic field therapy)
==Explanatory notes==
{{reflist|2|group=n}}
== อ้างอิง ==
{{รายการอ้างอิง}}
* สุฮวง ฐิติสัตยากร. ไขข้อข้องใจทางวิชาการ. วารสารอาหารและยา 5 (มกราคม-เมษายน 2541) : 72-75.
* ธวัชชัย กฤษณะประกรกิจ, สมจิตต์ หร่องบุตรศรี, ผ่องพรรณ กฤษณะประกรกิจ. สมาธิบำบัดทางจิตเวชศาสตร์และสุขภาพจิต. โครงการตำรามหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่น, 2551.
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="NSF_2002">{{cite book |chapter= Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding, Section: Belief in Alternative Medicine |chapterurl= http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm#c7s5l2a |title= Science and Engineering Indicators - 2002 |url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/ |year=2002 |author= [[National Science Board]] |publisher= Division of Science Resources Statistics, [[National Science Foundation]], [[Federal government of the United States|US Government]] |location= Arlington, Virginia}}</ref>
<ref name=FDA_regulatory>{{cite web |url= http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm144657.htm |title= Complementary and Alternative Medicine Products and their Regulation by the Food and Drug Administration |year= 2007 |publisher= Office of Policy and Planning, Office of the Commissioner, [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Dept. of Health and Human Services]], [[Federal government of the United States|US Government]] |ref= {{harvid|FDA|2007}}}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
<ref name="whccamp.hhs.gov">{{cite book |title= Final Report |author= White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy |chapter= Chapter 2: Overview of CAM in the United States: Recent History, Current Status, And Prospects for the Future |isbn= 0160514762 |volume= [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] Pub. 03-5411 |publisher= US Government Printing Office |url= http://whccamp.hhs.gov/finalreport.html |year= 2002|chapterurl= http://whccamp.hhs.gov/fr2.html}} Chapter 2 [http://www.webcitation.org/61C8iiefX archived] 2011-08-25.</ref>
<ref name= Ernst_1995>{{cite journal |last= Ernst |first= E. |authorlink= Edzard Ernst |title= Complementary medicine: Common misconceptions |journal= [[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |year= 1995 |volume= 88 |issue= 5 |pages=244–7| pmid = 7636814 |pmc= 1295191|quote= Complementary medicine, defined as health care which lies for the most part outside the mainstream of conventional medicine |ref= harv}}.</ref>
<ref name= Joyce_1994>{{cite journal |last= Joyce |first= C.R.B. |title= Placebo and complementary medicine |journal= [[The Lancet]] |year= 1994 |volume= 344|issue= 8932 |pages= 1279–81 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90757-9 |pmid= 7967992 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name=ernstinterview>{{cite web |url=http://www.harcourt-international.com/ernst/interview.cfm |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070311015608/http://www.harcourt-international.com/ernst/interview.cfm |author= Elsevier Science |publisher= Harcourt International |title= Author interview (Edzard Ernst, editor of ''The Desktop Guide to Complementary and Alternative Medicine'') |year= 2002 |archivedate= 2007-03-11}}</ref>
<ref name=CassilethDeng2004>{{cite journal |last1= Cassileth |first1=B.R. |last2= Deng |first2= G. |authorlink= Barrie R. Cassileth |title= Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer |journal= [[The Oncologist]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 80–9 |year= 2004 |doi= 10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80 |pmid= 14755017 |url= http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/9/1/80.full |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name=BMJ_May>{{cite journal | journal= [[BMJ]] | volume= 343 | doi= 10.1136/bmj.d4372 | year= 2011 | title= What is integrative health? |first= J. |last= May | page= d4372 | pmid= 21750063 | ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="fda.gov">{{cite web |url= http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm207747.htm |title= Alternative Medicine Fraud |author= <!-- no byline FDA --> |date= 2010-10-25 |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20121018095742/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm207747.htm |archivedate= 2012-10-18 |deadurl= no |series= Information for Consumers (Drugs) |work= FDA website}}</ref>
<ref name= NHS_Careers_CAM>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/explore-by-career/wider-healthcare-team/careers-in-the-wider-healthcare-team/clinical-support-staff/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-(cam)/ |title=Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) |publisher=National Health Service in England (NHS), UK Dept. of Health |work= NHS Careers website |author= <!-- no byline FDA --> |date= |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archivedate= 2013-04-03 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130403110352/http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/explore-by-career/wider-healthcare-team/careers-in-the-wider-healthcare-team/clinical-support-staff/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-%28cam%29/ |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= CAM_Committee_1st>[[#CITEREFCAM_Committee2005|Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public (CAM Committee) 2005]], pp. [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11182&page=17 17], [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11182&page=20 20].<!--Formatted to provide full name of CAM Committee for first instance in reference list--></ref>
<ref name= "CAM_Sointu_Nissen_Eisenberg">{{harvnb|CAM Committee|2005|pp=[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11182&page=16 16], [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11182&page=175 175]}}.<br />{{harvnb|Sointu|2012|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=XC2UUP36bjAC&pg=PA13 13–14]}}.<br />{{harvnb|Nissen et al.|2013}}.<br />{{harvnb|Eisenberg et al.|1993}}.</ref>
<ref name= Gevitz1997>{{cite book |last= Gevitz |first= N. |authorlink= Norman Gevitz |editor1-last= Bynum |editor1-first= W.F. |editor2-last= Porter |editor2-first= R.S. |title= Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine |volume= Vol. 1 |chapter= Chapter 28: Unorthodox Medical Theories |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZIqk31BXpksC&pg=PA603 603–33] |year= 1997 |origyear= 1993 |isbn= 9780415164191 |publisher= Routledge |location= New York & London |editor2-link= Roy Porter |ref=harv }}</ref>
<ref name= Nissen2013>{{cite journal |title= Researching alternative and complementary therapies: Mapping the field |last1= Nissen |first1= N. |last2= Manderson |first2= L. |journal= Medical Anthropology |volume= 32 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–7 |year= 2013 |doi=10.1080/01459740.2012.718016 |pmid= 23206171 |ref= {{harvid|Nissen et al.|2013}}|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Toupin2012>{{cite journal |last1= Toupin |first1= A.K. |last2= Moher |first2= D |last3= Stinson |first3= J. |last4= Byrne |first4= A |last5= White |first5= M. Last6= Boon |first6= H. |last7= Duffy |first7= C.M. |last8= Rader |first8= T. |last9= Vohra |first9= S. |last10= Tugwell |first10= P. |title=Measurement properties of questionnaires assessing complementary and alternative medicine use in pediatrics: A systematic review |journal=[[Plos One]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |page= e39611| date= 2012 |pmid= 22768098 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0039611|pmc= 3387262 |editor1-last= Phillips |editor1-first= R.S. |last6= Boon |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= NCCAMwhatiscam>{{Cite journal| url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/| title=What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)? |accessdate=2006-07-11 |publisher=[[NCCAM|National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)]], [[National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health (NIH)]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|US Dept. of Health and Human Services (US HHS)]]| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5C1oRX8Qq | archivedate = 2005-12-08| deadurl= no |date=May 2002 |volume= NCCAM Pub. No. D156 |author= <!-- no byline --> |postscript= .| ref=harv}}<!-- webpage updated since accessdate --></ref>
<ref name= HuffordUPenn>{{cite web |title= David J. Hufford |publisher= Dept. of Folklore and Folklife, [[University of Pennsylvania]] |date= <!-- no byline FDA --> |author= <!-- no byline FDA --> |accessdate= 2013-03-12 |url= http://www.sas.upenn.edu/folklore/faculty/dhufford.html |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130626163749/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/folklore/faculty/dhufford.html |archivedate= 2013-06-26 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= Hufford2004a>{{harvnb|Hufford|2004}}. In {{harvnb|Callahan|2004|p= [http://books.google.com/books?id=ryEnQlgMCT0C&pg=PA29 29]}}. Quoted in {{harvnb|CAM Committee|2005|p= [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11182&page=17 17]}}.</ref>
<ref name= Hufford2004>{{cite book |last=Hufford|first=D.J.|chapter=CAM and Cultural Diversity: Ethics and Epistemology Converge |ref={{harvid|Hufford|2004}}}} In {{harvnb|Callahan|2004|pp= [http://books.google.com/books?id=ryEnQlgMCT0C&pg=PA15 15–35] |postscript= .}}</ref>
<ref name= Eisenberg1993>{{cite journal |last1= Eisenberg |first1=D.M.|last2= Kessler |first2= R.C.|last3= Foster |first3= C. |last4= Norlock |first4= F.E. |last5= Calkins |first5= D.R. |last6= Delbanco |first6= T.L. |title= Unconventional medicine in the United States –– Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use |journal= New England Journal of Medicine |volume= 328 |issue=4 |pages= 246–52 |year= 1993 |url= http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199301283280406#t=article |doi=10.1056/NEJM199301283280406 |pmid= 8418405|ref={{harvid|Eisenberg et al.|1993}}|displayauthors=1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Eisenberg1998>{{cite journal |title= Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: Results of a follow-up national survey |url= http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=188148 |journal= JAMA |last1= Eisenberg |first1= D.M.|last2= Davis |first2= R.B. |last3= Ettner |first3= S.L. |last4= Appel |first4= S. |last5= Wilkey |first5= S. |last6= Van Rompay |first6= M. |last7= Kessler |first7= R.C. |volume= 280 |issue= 18 |pages= 1569–75 |pmid= 9820257 |doi= 10.1001/jama.280.18.1569 |year= 1998 |ref={{harvid|Eisenberg et al.|1998}}|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name=Saks1992>{{cite book |last= Saks|first= M. |editor-last= Saks |editor-first= M. |title= Alternative Medicine in Britain |year= 1992 |publisher= Clarendon Press |location= Oxford |isbn=9780198272786 |pages=1–21 |chapter= Introduction}}</ref>
<ref name= BMA_1993_1st>[[#CITEREFBMA1993|British Medical Association (BMA) 1993]], p. 7.<!--Formatted to provide full name of BMA for first instance in reference list--></ref>
<ref name= Artus2007>{{cite journal |title= The use of CAM and conventional treatments among primary care consulters with chronic musculoskeletal pain |url= http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/8/26 |journal= [[BMC journals|BMC Family Practice]] |volume= 8 |page= 26 |year= 2007 |last1= Artus |first1= M. |last2= Croft |first2= P. |last3= Lewis |first3= M. |doi= 10.1186/1471-2296-8-26 |pmid= 17480212 |pmc= 1878478 |ref={{harvid|Artus et al.|2007}}|displayauthors= 1 |issue=1}}</ref>
<ref name= Wieland2011>{{cite journal |title= Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane Collaboration |last1= Wieland |first1= L.S. |last2= Manheimer |first2= E. |last3= Berman |first3= B.M. |journal= Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |year= 2011 |volume= 17 |issue= 2 |pages= 50–9 |pmid= 21717826 |pmc= 3196853 |ref={{harvid|Wieland et al.|2011}}|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Kopelman2004>{{Cite book |last= Kopelman |first= L. |chapter= The Role of Science in Assessing Conventional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines |ref={{harvid|Kopelman|2004}} |postscript= .}} In {{harvnb|Callahan|2004|pp= [http://books.google.com/books?id=ryEnQlgMCT0C&pg=PA36 36–53] |postscript= .}}</ref>
<ref name= Kent1997>{{cite journal |title= Ignore growing patient interest in alternative medicine at your peril - MDs warned |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1228476/pdf/cmaj_157_10_1427.pdf |first= H. |last= Kent |journal= [[Canadian Medical Association Journal]] |year= 1997 |volume= 157 |issue= 10 |pages= 1427–8 |pmid= 9371077 |pmc= 1228476 |ref= {{harvid|Kent|1997}}}}</ref>
<ref name= Sagan1996>{{cite book |last= Sagan |first= C. |authorlink= Carl Sagan |title= [[The Demon-Haunted World|The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark]] |year= 1996 |publisher= Random House |location= New York |isbn= 9780394535128 |ref= {{harvid|Sagan|1996}}}}</ref>
<ref name=Bivins2011>{{cite book |last= Bivins|first=R. |editor-last= Jackson |editor-first= M. |title= The Oxford Handbook of the History of Medicine |year= 2011 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199546497 |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=cpjgoazGIC4C&pg=PA597 578–97] |chapter= Chapter 32: Histories of Heterodoxy |ref= {{harvid|Bivins|2011}}}}</ref>
<ref name=Jutte2001>{{Cite book |publisher= European Association for the History of Medicine and Health |pages= 11–26 |editor1-first= M. |editor1-last= Eklof |editor2-first= M.C. |editor2-last= Nelson |last= Jütte |first= R. |title= Historical Aspects of Unconventional Medicine: Approaches, Concepts, Case Studies |chapter= Alternative Medicine and Medico-Historical Semantics |year= 2001 |chapterurl= http://www.igm-bosch.de/content/language1/downloads/EAHMH_4_02jue.pdf |isbn= 095365222X |ref={{harvid|Jutte|2001}} }}</ref>
<ref name= Jutte1999>{{cite journal |title= The historiography of nonconventional medicine in Germany: A concise overview |last= Jütte |first= R. |journal= Medical History |volume= 43 |issue= 3 |year= 1999 |pages= 342–58 |pmc= 1044149 |pmid= 10885128 |doi= 10.1017/S002572730006539X |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Beyerstein2001>{{cite journal |last= Beyerstein |first= B.L. |authorlink= Barry Beyerstein |title= Alternative medicine and common errors of reasoning |journal= Academic Medicine |volume= 76 |issue= 3 |pages= 230–7 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11242572 |doi= 10.1097/00001888-200103000-00009 |ref= {{harvid|Beyerstein|2001}}}}</ref>
<ref name=Coulter2004>{{cite journal |title= The rise and rise of complementary and alternative medicine: A sociological perspective |url= https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2004/180/11/rise-and-rise-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-sociological-perspective |first1= I.D. |last1= Coulter |first2= E.M. |last2= Willis |journal= [[Medical Journal of Australia]] |year= 2004 |volume= 180 |issue= 11 |pages= 587–9 |pmid= 15174992 |ref= {{harvid|Coulter et al.|2004}}|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Eisenberg_Bio>{{cite web |title= David M. Eisenberg, M.D. |url= http://specertified.com/what/team-profile/david-m.-eisenberg-m.d |date= <!-- no byline FDA --> |accessdate= 2013-03-14 |archivedate= 2013-05-29 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130529173804/http://specertified.com/what/team-profile/david-m.-eisenberg-m.d |work= Health Through Food website |publisher= [[SPE Certified|SPE]] Development US Inc. |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "HOL_Kopelman_Wieland_Astin_Pelletier">{{harvnb|Sir Walton: Science and Technology Committee|2000|loc= [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12303.htm Chapter 1: Introduction]}}.<br />{{harvnb|Kopelman|2004}}.<br />{{harvnb|Wieland et al.|2011}}.<br />{{cite journal |last1= Astin |first1= J.A. |last2= Marie |first2= A. |last3= Pelletier |first3= K.R. |last4= Hansen |first4= E. |last5= Haskell |first5= W.L. |title= A review of the incorporation of complementary and alternative medicine by mainstream physicians |journal= [[JAMA Internal Medicine]] |year= 1998 |volume= 158 |issue= 21 |pages= 2303–10 |doi= 10.1001/archinte.158.21.2303 |pmid= 9827781 |url= http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210591 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}<br />{{cite journal |last1= Pelletier |first1= K.R. |last2= Marie |first2= A. |last3= Krasner |first3= M. |last4= Haskell |first4= W.L. |title= Current trends in the integration and reimbursement of complementary and alternative medicine by managed care, insurance carriers, and hospital providers |journal= American Journal of Health Promotion |volume= 12 |issue= 2 |year= 1997 |pages= 112–22 |doi= 10.4278/0890-1171-12.2.112 |pmid= 10174663 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= "Walton_Science_and_Technology_Committee">{{harvnb|Sir Walton: Science and Technology Committee|2000|loc =
[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12311.htm Chapter 6: Professional Training and Education]}}</ref>
<ref name= Salomonsen_AHA>{{cite journal |title= Use of complementary and alternative medicine at Norwegian and Danish hospitals |url= http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/4 |journal= [[BMC journals|BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine]] |last1= Salomonsen |first1= L.J. |last2= Skovgaard |first2= L. |last3= La Cour |first3= S.R. |last4= Nyborg |first4= L. |last5= Launsø |first5= L. |last6= Fønnebø |first6= V. |volume= 11 |pages= 4 |doi= 10.1186/1472-6882-11-4 |pmid= 21244655 |pmc= 3033860 |year= 2011 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 |issue=1}}<br />{{harvnb|American Hospital Association|2008}}</ref>
<ref name= "CAM_RMC1997">{{cite journal |author= CAM Research Methodology Conference, April 1995 Panel on Definition and Description |title= Defining and describing complementary and alternative medicine |journal= Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |volume= 3 |issue= 2 |pages= 49–57 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9061989 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= UKDoH_CAM>{{cite web |title= Complementary and Alternative Medicine |url= http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Complementaryandalternativemedicine/index.htm |archivedate= 2010-04-07 |archiveurl= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407164951/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Complementaryandalternativemedicine/index.htm |work= UK Dept. of Health website |ref= {{harvid|UKDoH_CAM}}}}</ref>
<ref name= Dawkins2003>{{cite book |last= Dawkins |first= R. |authorlink= Richard Dawkins |title= [[A Devil's Chaplain|A Devil's Chaplain: Selected Essays]] |editor-last= Menon |editor-first= L. |year= 2003 |isbn= 9780753817506 |publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location= London |pages= |ref={{harvid|Dawkins|2003}}}} (p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=loVMMlxC1XoC&pg=PA180 180] in 2004 US ed. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0618335404|0618335404]]).</ref>
<ref name= Zollman1999>{{cite journal |last1= Zollman |first1= C. |last2= Vickers |first2= A. |title= What is complementary medicine? |department= ABC of complementary medicine |doi= 10.1136/bmj.319.7211.693 |pmid= 10480829 |pmc= 1116545 |journal= BMJ |volume= 319 |issue= 7211 |pages= 693–6 |year= 1999 |ref= {{harvid|Zollman et al.|1999}}|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= ZollChanCoulRobeAdamArtu>{{harvnb|Zollman et al.|1999}}.<br />{{cite journal |title= Complementary and alternative therapies in childhood attention and hyperactivity problems |last1= Chan |first1= E. |last2= Rappaport |first2= L.A. |last3= Kemper |first3= K.J. |journal= Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics |year= 2003 |volume= 24 |issue= 1 |pages= 4–8 |pmid= 12584479 |doi= 10.1097/00004703-200302000-00003 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}<br />{{cite journal |title= Complementary and alternative medicine utilisation in NHS and private clinic settings: A United Kingdom survey of 400 infertility patients |last1= Coulson |first1= C. |last2= Jenkins |first2= J. |journal= Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction |year= 2005 |volume= 2 |page= 5 |url= http://archive.biomedcentral.com/1743-1050/2/5 |doi= 10.1186/1743-1050-2-5 |pmid= 15807886 |pmc= 1084360 |issue= 1 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}<br />{{cite journal |title= The social demand for a medicine focused on the person: The contribution of CAM to healthcare and healthgenesis |last= Roberti di Sarsina |first= P. |journal= [[Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] |volume= 4 |issue= S1 |year= 2007 |pages= 45–51 |doi= 10.1093/ecam/nem094 |pmid= 18227933 |pmc= 2206228 |ref= harv}}<br />{{cite journal |title= The use of complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients |last1= Adams |first1= M. |last2= Jewell |first2= A.P. |journal= International Seminars in Surgical Oncology |year= 2007 |volume= 4 |page= 10 |doi= 10.1186/1477-7800-4-10 |pmid= 17470282 |pmc= 1872026 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 |issue=1}}<br />{{harvnb|Artus et al.|2007}}.</ref>
<ref name= Fontanarosa1998>{{cite journal |title= Alternative medicine meets science |last1= Fontanarosa |first1= P.B. |last2= Derman |journal= [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |year= 1998 |volume= 280 |issue= 18 |pages= 1618–9 |doi= 10.1001/jama.280.18.1618 |pmid= 9820267 |ref= {{harvid|Fontanarosa et al.|1998}} |first2= E |last3= Molloy |first3= GR |last4= Tamm |first4= I |last5= Darnell |first5= JE|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Borkan2012>{{cite journal |title= Complementary alternative health care in Israel and the western world |last= Borkan |url= http://www.ijhpr.org/content/1/1/8 |first= J. |year= 2012 |journal= Israel Journal of Health Policy Research |volume= 1 |issue= 1 |page= 8 |doi= 10.1186/2045-4015-1-8 |pmid= 22913745 |pmc= 3424836 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= Kong2005>{{cite journal |title= The Incidence of self-prescribed oral complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with gastrointestinal diseases |last1= Kong |first1= S.C. |last2= Hurlstone |first2= D.P. |last3= Pocock |first3= C.Y. |last4= Walkington |first4= L.A. |last5= Farquharson |first5= N.R. |last6= Bramble |first6= M.G. |last7= McAlindon |first7= M.E. |last8= Sanders |first8= D.S. |journal= [[Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology]] |year= 2005 |issue= 2 |volume= 39 |pages= 138–41 |pmid= 15681910 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Angell1998>{{cite journal |title= Alternative medicine--The risks of untested and unregulated remedies |last1= Angell |first1= M. |last2= Kassirer |first2= J.P. |authorlink= Marcia Angell |journal= [[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume= 339 |issue= 12 |pages= 839–41 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9738094 |doi= 10.1056/NEJM199809173391210 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Dawkins2003a>[[John Diamond (journalist)|Diamond, J.]] quoted in {{harvnb|Dawkins|2003}}. (p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=nBRYZtOuqZcC&pg=PA36 36] in 2004 US ed. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0618335404|0618335404]]).</ref>
<ref name= NHS_Choices_CAM>{{Cite web |title= All about complementary and alternative medicine |url= http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/complementary-alternative-medicine/Pages/complementary-alternative-medicines.aspx |date= 2012-11-23 |accessdate= |archivedate= 2013-02-28 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130228185229/http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/complementary-alternative-medicine/Pages/complementary-alternative-medicines.aspx |deadurl= no |series= Live Well |work= NHS Choices website |postscript= . |author1= NHS Choices editors |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= NHMRC_CAM>{{Cite journal |title= Complementary and alternative medicines |url= http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/your-health/complementary-and-alternative-medicines |work= NHMRC website |series= Your health |publisher= [[National Health and Medical Research Council|National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)]], [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Australian Minister for Health]] |date= 2013-09-27 |accessdate= 2013-09-30 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130928174904/http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/your-health/complementary-and-alternative-medicines |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no |postscript= . |author1= NHMRC |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "WHO_Trad_Med_Defs">{{Cite journal |title= Traditional Medicines: Definitions |url= http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/index.html |work= WHO website |publisher= [[World Health Organization]] |series= Medicines |accessdate= 2012-11-11 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130927045217/http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/index.html |archivedate= 2013-09-27 |deadurl= no |postscript= . |author1= Xiaorui Zhang |ref= harv}} Extracted from {{harvnb|WHO|2000}}.</ref>
<ref name= Cotter2005>{{cite book |title= Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice |last1= Cotter |first1= A.C. |last2= Shiflett |first2= S.C. |last3= Kuo |first3= D. |editor1-last= DeLisa |editor1-first= J.A. |editor2-last= Gans |editor2-first= B.M. |editor3-last= Walsh |editor3-first= N.E. |chapter= Chapter 19: Complementary and Alternative Medicine |year= 2005 |location= Philadelphia |publisher= Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Wolters Kluwer |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=1sWk1GYCvKoC&pg=PA465 465–78] |edition= 4th |volume= Vol. 1 |isbn= 0781741300 |ref={{harvid|Cotter et al.|2005}} }}</ref>
<ref name= Snyderman2002>{{cite journal |title= Integrative medicine: Bringing medicine back to its roots |last1= Snyderman |first1= R. |last2= Weil |first2= A.T. |authorlink= Ralph Snyderman |journal= JAMA Internal Medicine |volume= 162 |issue= 4 |pages= 395–7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11863470 |doi= 10.1001/archinte.162.4.395 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= NCI_PDQ_CAM>{{cite web |title= Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Questions and Answers About Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment |url= http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cam-cancer-treatment/patient/page2 |work= NCI website |series= Physician Data Query (PDQ®) |publisher= [[National Cancer Institute|National Cancer Institute (NCI)]], NIH |date= |accessdate= 2012-12-11 |archivedate= 2012-12-15 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20121215060456/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cam-cancer-treatment/patient/page2 |deadurl= no }}</ref>
<ref name= DeBlecourt1999>{{cite journal |title= Preface: Situating "alternative medicine" in the modern period |last1= De Blécourt |first1= W. |last2= Usborne |first2= C. |journal= Medical History |volume= 43 |issue= 3 |pages= 283–5 |pmid= 16562317 |pmc= 1044146 |year= 1999 |doi= 10.1017/S0025727300065364 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Ramsey1999>{{cite journal | author = Ramsey M | title = Alternative medicine in modern France | journal = Med Hist | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 286–322 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10885126 | pmc = 1044147 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300065376 | url = |ref={{harvid|Ramsey|1999}} }}</ref>
<ref name= "Porter_Ramsey_Loudon">{{cite book |last= Porter |first= R. |authorlink= Roy Porter |title= Studies in the History of Alternative Medcicine |editor1-last= Cooter |editor1-first= R. |editor2-last= Society for the Social History of Medicine |chapter= Chapter 1: Before the Fringe: <nowiki>'Quackery'</nowiki> and the Eighteenth-Century Medical Market |isbn= 9780333462133 |location= London |publisher= Macmillan in association with [[St Antony's College, Oxford]] |year= 1988}}<br />{{harvnb|Ramsey|1999}}<br />{{cite journal |title= A brief history of homeopathy |last= Loudon |first= I. |year= 2006 |journal= Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume= 99 |issue= 12 |pages= 607–10 |pmid= 17139061 |pmc= 1676328 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.99.12.607 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Brunton_Brown">{{cite book |last= Brunton |first= D. |chapter= Chapter 5: The Emergence of a Modern Profession? |editor-last= Brunton |editor-first= D. |title= Medicine Transformed: Health, Disease and Society in Europe 1800-1930 |year= 2004 |publisher= Manchester University Press in association with the [[Open University]] |isbn= 9780719067358 |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=iFWASHAZH9gC&pg=PA119 119–50]}}<br />{{cite book |title= Medicine and the Market in England and its Colonies, c.1450-c.1850 |editor1-last= Jenner |editor1-first= M.S.R. |editor2-last= Wallis |editor2-first= P. |year= 2007 |location= New York |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |chapter= Chapter 12: Medicine, Quackery, and the Free Market: The <nowiki>'War'</nowiki> Against Morison's Pills and the Construction of the Medical Profession, c.1830-c.1850 |last= Brown |first= M. |isbn= 9780230506435 |pages= 238–61 }}</ref>
<ref name= Pickstone2006>{{cite book |chapter= Medicine, Society and the State |last= Pickstone |first= J. |authorlink= John Pickstone |title= The Cambridge History of Medicine |editor-last= Porter |editor-first= R. |year= 2006 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |pages= 260–97 |isbn= 9780521864268}}</ref>
<ref name= Silverman2011>{{cite journal |title= William Henry Welch (1850–1934): The road to Johns Hopkins |last= Silverman |first= B.D. |journal= Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings |volume= 24 |issue= 3 |year= 2011 |pages= 236–42 |pmid= 21738298 |pmc= 3124910 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= Flexner_Report>{{Cite journal |title= [[Flexner Report|Medical Education in the United States and Canada Bulletin Number Four (The Flexner Report)]] |url= |year= 1910 |last1= Flexner |first1= A. |authorlink1= Abraham Flexner |author2= The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT) |authorlink2= Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |publisher= [[Daniel Berkeley Updike|D. B. Updike]], [[Merrymount Press]] |location= Boston |ref= {{harvid|Flexner Report|1910}} |postscript= .}} Available from CFAT: [http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/sites/default/files/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf The Flexner Report].</ref>
<ref name= Hiatt2003>{{cite journal |last1= Hiatt |first1= M.D. |last2= Stockton |first2= C.G. |title= The impact of the Flexner Report on the fate of medical schools in North America after 1909 |url= http://www.jpands.org/vol8no2/hiatt.pdf |journal= [[Association of American Physicians and Surgeons#Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons|Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons]] |volume= 8 |issue= 2 |pages= 37–40 |year= 2003 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Pritchett1910>{{Cite book |chapter= Introduction |last= Pritchett |first= H.S. |authorlink= Henry Smith Pritchett |ref= harv |postscript= .}} In {{harvnb|Flexner Report|1910|p= viii |postscript= .}}</ref>
<ref name= Bullock1980>{{cite book |title= An American Transplant: The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College |last= Bullock |first= M.B. |authorlink= Mary Brown Bullock |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, California |year= 1980 |isbn= 9780520035591}}</ref>
<ref name= Usman1925>{{cite book |title= The Report of the Committee on the Indigenous Systems of Medicine, Madras (The Usman Report) |first2= M. |last2= Usman |authorlink2= Mohammad Usman of Madras |first3= A.S.K. |last3= Rao |first4= U.R. |last4= Rao |first5= A. |last5= Lakshmipati |first6= M.S. |last6= Ayyar |first7= K.G.N. |last7= Sastri |first8= C.T.A. |last8= Pillai |first9= T.R.R. |last9= Ayyar |first10= A.T. |last10= Palmer |first11= G. |last11= Srinivasamurti |last1= Madras Indigenous Systems of Medicine Committee 1921-23 |location= Madras, India |year= 1925 |publisher= Superintendent, Government Press |oclc= 229483035|displayauthors= 2 }}</ref>
<ref name= Madras1984>{{cite journal |author= Madras Group |title= What is the role of indigenous medical sciences in our health care system? (Responses of indigenous medical practitioners to the Madras Inquiry sixty years ago) |url= http://ppstbulletins.blogspot.com/2011/10/what-is-role-of-indigenous-medical.html |journal= Patriotic and People Oriented Science and Technology |year= 1984 |volume= 4 |issue= 1 |pages= 64–95 |ref= harv}} Condensed in {{cite journal |title= What is the role of indigenous medical sciences in our health care system? |department= Perspective |year= 1985 |volume= 10 |issue= 3 |pages= 271–7 |url= http://www.vikalpa.com/pdf/articles/1985/1985_july_sep_271_277.pdf |journal= Vikalpa |author1= Madras Group |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= OED_Kruger>{{cite book |chapter= alternative |title= Oxford English Dictionary |edition= OED Online |date=December 2012 |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5803?redirectedFrom=Alternative+medicine |accessdate= 2013-02-20}}{{subscription required}}.<br>{{cite book |year= 1974 |first= H.|last= Kruger |title= Other Healers, Other Cures: A Guide to Alternative Medicine |url= |publisher= Bobbs-Merrill |isbn= 9780672517082}}</ref>
<ref name= BMA_Cant_Saks>{{harvnb|BMA|1993}}.<br>{{cite book |last1= Cant |first1= S.|last2= Sharma |first2=U. |chapter= Alternative Health Practices and Systems |page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=LyK1e6U7fU0C&pg=PA433 433] |editor1-last= Albrecht |editor1-first= G.L. |editor2-last= Fitzpatrick |editor2-first= R. |editor3-last= Scrimshaw |editor3-first= S.C. |title= The Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine |url= |year= 1999 |publisher= Sage Publications |isbn= 9781847870964}}<br>{{harvnb|Saks|2003|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=zW2_iJsZFS0C&pg=PA117 117]}}.</ref>
<ref name= Relman1998>{{cite news |last1= Relman |first1= A.S. |authorlink= Arnold S. Relman |title= Andrew Weil, the boom in alternative medicine, and the retreat from science. A Trip to Stonesville |magazine= [[The New Republic]] |volume= 219 |issue= 24 |pages= 28–36 |date= 1998-12-14}} [http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/weil.html Reproduced] at [[Quackwatch]], (2002-03-10) and [http://web.archive.org/web/20021010040338/http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/weil.html archived] from there 2002-10-10.</ref>
<ref name= HistoryMakers_HHS_Satcher_Bio>{{cite web |title= MedicalMakers: David Satcher |url= http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/david-satcher-41 |work= [[Julieanna Richardson#The HistoryMakers|The HistoryMakers]] website |accessdate= 2013-10-06 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130511112015/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/david-satcher-41 |archivedate= 2013-05-11 |deadurl= no}}<br />{{cite web |author= Office of Public Health and Science |title= David Satcher (1998-2002) |url= http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/history/biosatcher.htm |publisher= US HHS |date= 2007-01-04 |accessdate= |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071205160010/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/history/biosatcher.htm |archivedate= 2007-12-05}}</ref>
<ref name= New_Millennium>{{cite press release |title= U.S. Surgeon General launches new health resources at government gateway website: Alternative health and Spanish language online resources |url= http://www.health.gov/partnerships/media/31899pr.htm |origyear= 1998-03-18 |date= 1999-11-18 |archivedate= 2000-04-16 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20000416053214/http://health.gov/partnerships/Media/31899pr.htm |publisher= Partnerships for Health in the New Millennium |series= HHS News |work= Health.gov website |deadurl= no }}</ref>
<ref name= Bravewell2007>{{cite book |title= Integrative Medicine Best Practices |year= 2007 |url= http://www.bravewell.org/current_projects/best_practices/ |last1= Horrigan |first= B.J. |chapter= Introduction and Summary |chapterurl= http://www.bravewell.org/content/IntroSummary_Best%20Practices_1.pdf |page= 3 |publisher= Bravewell Collaborative |accessdate= 2013-10-06}} Introduction and Summary [http://web.archive.org/web/20130510133709/http://www.bravewell.org/content/IntroSummary_Best%20Practices_1.pdf archived] 2013-05-03.</ref>
<ref name= Ludmerer2010>{{cite journal |last= Ludmerer |first= K.M. |authorlink= Kenneth Ludmerer |title= Commentary: Understanding the Flexner Report |journal= Academic Medicine |volume= 85 |issue= 2 |year= 2010 |pages= 193–6 |url= https://ualearn.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-303852-dt-content-rid-690898_1/courses/49626.201240/readings/Ludmerer-Flexner-AcadMed.pdf |pmid= 20107341 |doi= 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c8f1e7 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= Bianco>{{Cite web |title= How Becoming a Doctor Works: Medical School Curriculum |last= Bianco |first= C. |url= http://people.howstuffworks.com/becoming-a-doctor9.htm |work= [[HowStuffWorks]] website |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20131005044926/http://people.howstuffworks.com/becoming-a-doctor9.htm |archivedate= 2013-10-05 |deadurl= no |postscript= . |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= Stanford_Curriculum>{{cite web |title= Stanford's medical curriculum |url= http://med.stanford.edu/md/curriculum/ |publisher= [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] |work= Stanford University website |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130509161924/http://med.stanford.edu/md/curriculum/ |archivedate= 2013-05-09 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= Yale_Curriculum>{{cite web |title= Medical Student Education Program: Curriculum Overview |url= http://medicine.yale.edu/education/curriculum/curriculum/overview/index.aspx |work= Yale University website |publisher= [[Yale School of Medicine]] |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20131004214032/http://medicine.yale.edu/education/curriculum/curriculum/overview/index.aspx |archivedate= 2013-10-04 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= Berman2001>{{cite journal |title= Complementary medicine and medical education |last= Berman |first= B.M. |journal= BMJ |volume= 322 |issue= 7279 |year= 2001 |pages= 121–2 |pmid= 11159555 |pmc= 1119400 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.322.7279.121 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= UM_CIM>{{cite web |title= Center for Integrative Medicine |url= http://www.compmed.umm.edu |work= University of Maryland website |publisher= University of Maryland School of Medicine |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100323121138/http://www.compmed.umm.edu/ |archivedate= 2010-03-23 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= UM_CAM_Field>{{cite web |title= Cochrane CAM Field |publisher= Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland |work= University of Maryland website |url= http://www.compmed.umm.edu/cochrane.asp |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130928113542/http://www.compmed.umm.edu/cochrane.asp |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= Medline_MD>{{cite web |title= Doctor of medicine profession (MD) |url= http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001936.htm |date= 2011-02-03 |accessdate= 2012-12-20 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130127161943/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001936.htm |archivedate= 2013-01-27 |work= [[MedlinePlus]] |publisher= [[United States National Library of Medicine|US National Library of Medicine]], NIH}}</ref>
<ref name= Cochrane_CAM_Field>{{cite web |title= Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clabout/articles/CE000052/frame.html |last1= Manheimer |first1= E. |last2= Berman |first2= B. |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |work= [[The Cochrane Library]]|displayauthors= 1 }}{{Subscription required}}.</ref>
<ref name= Sackett1996>{{cite journal |title= Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn't |last1= Sackett |first1= D.L. |last2= Rosenberg |first2= W.M.C. |last3= Gray |first3= J.A.M. |last4= Haynes |first4= R.B. |last5= Richardson |first5= W.S. |journal= BMJ |volume= 312 |issue= 7023 |pages= 71–2 |year= 1996 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71 |pmc= 2349778 |pmid= 8555924 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Nuffield_Trust>{{cite web |title= Our work |url= http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/our-work |work= Nuffield Trust website |publisher= The Nuffield Trust for Research and Policy Studies in Health Services |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130928221647/http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/our-work |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= Belsey2009>{{cite book |title= What is Evidence-based Medicine |url= http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/ebm.pdf |origyear= 2001 |date=May 2009 |publisher= Hayward Medical Communications |location= UK |edition= 2nd |last1= Belsey |first1= J. |last2= Snell |first2= T. |series= What is...? Series |accessdate= |displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Nuffield2>{{cite web |title= Research methods & information tools |url= http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/our-work/research-methods-information-tools |work= Nuffield Trust website |publisher= The Nuffield Trust for Research and Policy Studies in Health Services |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130927122218/http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/our-work/research-methods-information-tools |archivedate= 2013-09-27 |deadurl= no |accessdate= }}</ref>
<ref name= Bardsley2011>{{cite web |title= Predictive risk and health care: An overview |url= http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/sites/files/nuffield/publication/Predictive-risk-and-health-care-an-overview_0.pdf |last1= Bardsley |first1= M. |last2= Georghiou |first2= T. |last3= Steventon |first3= A. |last4= Billings |first4= J. |last5= Blunt |first5= I. |last6= Lewis |first6= G. |date= 2011-03-01 |publisher= The Nuffield Trust for Research and Policy Studies in Health Services |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130928230254/http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/sites/files/nuffield/publication/Predictive-risk-and-health-care-an-overview_0.pdf |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no |accessdate= |displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Sampson1995>{{cite journal |title= Antiscience trends in the rise of the "alternative medicine" movement |last= Sampson |first= W. |authorlink= Wallace Sampson |journal= Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |year= 1995 |volume= 775 |pages= 188–97 |doi= 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23138.x |pmid= 8678416 |ref= harv |issue=1}}</ref>
<ref name= Skep_Dic_comp_med>{{cite book |title= [[The Skeptics Dictionary]] |last= Carroll |first= R.T. |authorlink= Robert Todd Carroll |chapter= complementary medicine |chapterurl= http://www.skepdic.com/compmed.html |date= 2011-05-14 |edition= Online |accessdate= }} [http://web.archive.org/web/20130927214632/http://www.skepdic.com/compmed.html Archived] 2013-09-27.</ref>
<ref name= Novella2010>{{cite web |last= Novella |first= S. |authorlink= Steven Novella |title= Acupuncture pseudoscience in ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/nc/ |date= 2010-08-04 |work= Science-Based Medicine |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130928202231/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/nc/ |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= Gorski2010>{{cite web |last= Gorski |first= D. |authorlink= David Gorski |title= Credulity about acupuncture infiltrates ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/acupuncture-infiltrates-the-new-england-journal-of-medicine/ |date= 2010-08-03 |work= Science-Based Medicine |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20130928202243/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/acupuncture-infiltrates-the-new-england-journal-of-medicine/ |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= NCAHF_mission>{{cite web |title= NCAHF Mission Statement |url= http://www.ncahf.org/about/mission.html |date= 2009-11-30 |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |work= [[The National Council Against Health Fraud|National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF)]] website}}</ref>
<ref name= Other_sources>{{cite journal |last= Steele |first= F.R. |title= Book review: The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark by Carl Sagan |journal= [[Nature Medicine]] |year= 1996 |volume= 2 |issue= 9 |page= 1042 |url=http://www.nature.com/nm/wilma/v2n9.867699403.html |doi= 10.1038/nm0996-1042 |ref= harv}}<br />{{cite book|title= Pseudoscience and the Paranormal |last= Hines |first= T. |publisher= Prometheus Books |year= 2003 |location= Amherst, New York |edition= 2nd |isbn= 9781573929790}}<br />{{cite journal |last= Sampson |first= W. |title= The need for educational reform in teaching about alternative therapies |journal= Academic Medicine |year= 2001 |volume= 76 |issue= 3 |pages= 248–50 |editor-last= Grollman |editor-first= A.P. |pmid= 11242574 |doi= 10.1097/00001888-200103000-00011 |ref= harv}}<br />{{harvnb|Coulter et al.|2004}}.<br />{{harvnb|Kent|1997}}.<br />{{harvnb|Sagan|1996}}.</ref>
<ref name= Goldrosen2004>{{cite journal |title= Complementary and alternative medicine: assessing the evidence for immunological benefits |last1= Goldrosen |first1= M.H. |last2= Straus |first2= S.E. |journal= [[Nature Reviews Immunology]] |department= Perspective |volume= 4 |issue= 11 |pages= 912–21 |year= 2004 |doi= 10.1038/nri1486 |pmid= 15516970 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Lilienfeld2002>{{cite journal |last= Lilienfeld |first= S.O. |title= Our raison d'ĕtre |url= http://www.srmhp.org/0101/raison-detre.html |journal= Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice |volume= 1 |issue= 1 |year= 2002 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5QcyAPtwV |archivedate= 2007-07-26 |deadurl= no |accessdate= 2008-01-28 |publisher= [[Center for Inquiry]] |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= Hughes2010>{{cite news |last= Hughes |first= D. |title= Alternative remedies 'dangerous' for kids says report |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12060507 |date= 2010-12-23 |accessdate= |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101224181102/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12060507 |archivedate= 2010-12-24 |deadurl= no |work= [[BBC News]]}}</ref>
<ref name= Acharya2008>{{cite book |last1= Acharya |first1= D. |first2= S. |last2= Anshu |year= 2008 |title= Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices |publisher= Aavishkar Publishers |location= Jaipur, India |isbn= 9788179102527 |page= 440|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= Wujastyk2003>{{cite book |title= The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings |others= Edited and translated by Wujastyk, D. |year= 2003 |location= New York |publisher= Penguin Books |isbn= 0140448241 |page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&=isbn%3A0140448241&pg=PR18#v xviii]}}</ref>
<ref name= Saper2008>{{cite journal |title= Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet |last1= Saper |first1= R.B. |last2= Phillips |first2= R.S. |last3= Sehgal |first3= A. |last4= Khouri |first4= N. |last5= Davis |first5= R.B. |last6= Paquin |first6= J. |last7= Thuppil |first7= V. |last8= Kales |first8= S.N. |journal= JAMA |year= 2008 |volume= 300 |issue= 8 |pages= 915–23 |doi= 10.1001/jama.300.8.915 |pmc= 2755247 |pmid= 18728265 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= NCCAM_EMed>{{cite web |title=Energy Medicine: An Overview |publisher= NCCAM |year= 2005 |origyear= 2004 |url= http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/energymed.htm |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20051102085115/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/energymed.htm |archivedate= 2005-11-02 |series= Backgrounders |issue= NCCAM Publication No. D235}}</ref>
<ref name= "OpsinaBond2007">{{cite book |year= 2007 |last1= Ospina |first1= MB |last2 =Bond |first2= K |last3= Karkhaneh |first3= M |last4= Tjosvold |first4= L |last5= Vandermeer |first5= B |last6= Liang |first6= Y |last7= Bialy |first7= L |last8= Hooton |first8= N |last9= Buscemi |first9= N |last10= Dryden |first10= DM |last11= Klassen |first11= TP |title= Meditation Practices for Health: State of the Research |volume= No. 155 |issue= AHRQ Pub. No. 07-E010 |series= Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments |ref= harv |url= http://archive.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/meditation/medit.pdf |location= Rockville, MD |publisher= [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ): (Prepared by the University of Alberta Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-02-0023)|displayauthors= 1 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK38360/ Archived] at PubMed. {{PMID3|17764203}}</ref>
<ref name= "OpsinaBond2008">{{cite journal |pmid= 19123875 |year= 2008 |last1= Ospina |first1= MB |last2= Bond |first2= K |last3= Karkhaneh |first3= M |last4 =Buscemi |first4= N |last5= Dryden |first5= DM |last6= Barnes |first6= V |last7= Carlson |first7= LE |last8= Dusek |first8= JA |last9= Shannahoff-Khalsa |first9= D |title= Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: Characteristics and quality |volume= 14 |issue= 10 |pages= 1199–213 |doi= 10.1089/acm.2008.0307 |journal= Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|ref=harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<!-- remark out unused ref <ref name= Keating2005>{{cite book |title= Principles and Practice of Chiropractic |editor-last= Haldeman |editor-first= S. |chapter= Philosophy in Chiropractic |last= Keating |first= J.C., Jr. |year= 2005 |edition= Third |publisher= McGraw Hill Financial |location= New York |pages= 77–98 |isbn= 0071375341}}</ref>-->
<!-- remark out unused ref
<ref name= Ernst2008>{{cite journal |title= Chiropractic: A critical evaluation |last= Ersnt |first= E. |journal= [[Journal of Pain and Symptom Management]] |year= 2008 |volume= 35 |issue= 5 |pages= 544–62 |doi= 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004 |pmid= 18280103 |url=http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(07)00783-X/fulltext |ref= harv}}</ref>
-->
<ref name= Lu2002>{{cite book |title= Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa |last1= Lu |first= G.D. |last2= Needham |first2= J. |origyear= 1980 |year= 2002 |publisher= Routledge |location= New York |isbn= 0700714588|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<!-- remark out unused ref
<ref name= Lee2008>{{cite journal |title= Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials |last1= Lee |first1= M.S. |last2= Pittler |first2= M.H. |last3= Ernst |first3= E. |journal= International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume= 62 |issue= 6 |pages= 947–54 |year= 2008 |pmid= 18410352 |doi= 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x |ref= harv
|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
-->
<ref name= US_use_survey>{{cite press release |title= According to a new government survey, 38 percent of adults and 12 percent of children use complementary and alternative medicine |url= http://nccam.nih.gov/news/2008/121008.htm |date= 2008-12-10 |accessdate= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |publisher= NCCAM |series= NIH News |location= Bethesda, Maryland}}</ref>
<ref name= Offit2013>{{cite book |last= Offit |first= P. |authorlink= Paul Offit |title= Do You Believe in Magic?: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine |year= 2013 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 0062222961}} Also published in the UK as {{cite book |title= Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine |isbn= 9780007491735}}</ref>
<ref name=Valiathan2006>{{cite journal | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf | title=Ayurveda: Putting the house in order |department= Guest Editorial |last= Valiathan | first= M.S. |journal= [[Current Science]] |year= 2006 |volume= 90 |issue= 1 | pages= 5–6 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131026040717/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf | archivedate=2013-10-26 | deadurl=no | ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Shine2003">{{Cite journal |url= http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/11/hypnosis-heals.html |last1= Shine |first1= J. |year= 2003 |title= Hypnosis Heals |magazine= [[Harvard Magazine]] |pages= 13–5 |accessdate= 2013-06-16 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Stratten_in_Hahnemann">{{cite book |last= Stratten |first= S. |chapter= Preface}} In {{harvnb|Hahnemann|1833|page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=EnEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 iii]}}</ref>
<ref name= "Ernst2002">{{Cite journal |last1= Ernst |first1= E. |title= A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy |journal= [[British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology]] |volume= 54 |issue= 6 |pages= 577–82 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12492603 |pmc= 1874503 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "HoC_Evidence_Check2_homeopathy">{{cite book |title= Fourth Report: Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy |author= Science and Technology Committee, [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], Parliament of the United Kingdom |url= http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/45.pdf |origyear= Session 2009–2010 HC 45 |date= 2010-02-08 |location= London |publisher= The Stationery Office}} [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4502.htm html version].</ref>
<ref name= "Shang2005">{{Cite journal |last1= Shang |first1= A. |last2= Huwiler-Müntener |first2= K. |last3= Nartey |first3= L. |last4= Jüni |first4= P. |last5= Dörig |first5= S. |last6= Sterne |first6= J.A.C. |last7= Pewsner |first7= D. |last8= Egger |first8= M. |title= Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy |journal= [[The Lancet]] |volume= 366 |pages= 726–32 |year= 2005 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2 |pmid= 16125589 |issue= 9487 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name="NCCAM_homeopathy">{{cite web|url= http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy |title= Homeopathy: An Introduction |publisher= NCCAM|origyear= 2009 |year= 2013 |series= Backgrounders |issue= NCCAM Publication No. D339 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122846/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy |archivedate= 2013-10-15 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<!-- remark out unused ref
<ref name="Raub2002">{{Cite journal| first= J.A. |last= Raub |year =2002 |title= Psychophysiologic effects of Hatha Yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function: A literature review |journal= [[Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine]] |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=797–812 |doi=10.1089/10755530260511810 |pmid= 12614533| ref= harv}}</ref>
-->
<ref name= "SarrisWardle2010">{{cite book |last1= Sarris |first1= J. |last2= Wardle |first2= J. |title= Clinical Naturopathy: An Evidence-based Guide to Practice |year= 2010 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 9780729579261|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<!-- remark out unused ref
<ref name= "NCCAM_naturopathy">{{cite web |title= Naturopathy: An Introduction |series= Backgrounders |volume= NCCAM Publication No. D372 |publisher= NCCAM |year= 2010 |origyear= 2007 |url= http://nccam.nih.gov/health/naturopathy/D372.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101205050837/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/naturopathy/D372.pdf |archivedate= 2010-12-05 |accessdate= 2010-11-20}}</ref>-->
<!-- updated since access and archive dates available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/naturopathy/naturopathyintro.htm -->
<!-- remark out unused ref
<ref name= "Brown1988">{{cite journal |pmc=1139856 |title=Nineteenth-century American health reformers and the early nature cure movement in Britain |last= Brown |first= P.S. |journal= Medical History |volume= 32 |pages= 174–94 |pmid= 3287059 |issue= 2 |year= 1988 |doi= 10.1017/S0025727300047980 |ref=harv}}</ref>
-->
<ref name= "AMA_CoSA_rpt12">{{Cite journal |title= Alternative Medicine |volume= Report 12 |issue= A-97 |author= Council on Scientific Affairs, [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) |year= 1997 |publisher= AMA |page= 9 |url= http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/2036-2432.html |deadurl=yes |postscript= . |ref= harv}} [http://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/ct3340/archives/ht03/assignment-2d-extra-articles/Alternative%20Medicine.pdf Convenience copy].</ref>
<ref name= Baer2001>{{Cite journal | last = Baer |first =H.A. | year = 2001 | title = The sociopolitical status of U.S. naturopathy at the dawn of the 21st century | journal = [[Medical Anthropology Quarterly]] | pmid = 11693035 | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 329–46| doi = 10.1525/maq.2001.15.3.329 | ref = harv}}</ref>
<!-- remark out unused ref
<ref name= "Gale_naturopathic">{{cite book |last1= Boughton |first1= B. |last2= Frey |first2= R.J. |chapter= Naturopathic Medicine |year= 2005 |title= Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine |publisher= Gale |url= http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/naturopathic-medicine }}</ref>
-->
<ref name= "Romeyke2011">{{cite journal |last1= Romeyke |first1= T. |last2= Stummer |first2= H. |title= A study of costs and length of stay of inpatient naturopathy – Evidence from Germany |journal= Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice |volume= 17 |issue= 2 |pages= 90–5 |year= 2011 |doi= 10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.09.001 |pmid= 21457898 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Iowa_BoM">{{cite web |author= Iowa Board of Medicine |title= A Policy Statement on Naturopathy |url= http://medicalboard.iowa.gov/policies/naturopathy.html |date= 2002-02-07 |publisher= State of Iowa |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130412204820/http://medicalboard.iowa.gov/policies/naturopathy.html |archivedate= 2013-04-12 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "Ho2000">{{cite book |last= Ho |first= P.Y. |title= Li, Qi, and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China |year= 2000 |publisher= Dover Publications |isbn=0486414450}}</ref>
<ref name= "Maclocia1995">{{cite book |last= Maclocia |first= G. |title= Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine |year= 1995 |publisher= Eastland |location= Seattle |isbn= 9780939616190 |edition= Rev.}}</ref>
<ref name= "Cassileth1999">{{cite journal |last= Cassileth |first= B.R. |title=Evaluating complementary and alternative therapies for cancer patients |journal= [[CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians]] |volume= 49 |issue= 6 |pages= 362–75 |year= 1999 |pmid= 11198952 |doi= 10.3322/canjclin.49.6.362 |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.49.6.362/full |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Brown2009">{{cite news |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/16/AR2009031602139.html?hpid=sec-health |title= Scientists speak out against federal funds for research on alternative medicine |newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] |date= 2009-03-17 | first= D. | last= Brown | accessdate= 2010-04-23}}</ref>
<ref name="SampsonAtwood2005">{{cite journal | authors= Sampson W, Atwood K | title = Propagation of the absurd: demarcation of the absurd revisited | journal = Med. J. Aust. | volume = 183 | issue = 11-12 | pages = 580–1 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16336135 | doi = | url = | ref = harv }}</ref>
<ref name="$2.5 billion">{{cite news |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31190909/ |title= $2.5 billion spent, no alternative cures found |work= [[NBCNews.com]] |department= Alternative Medicine |agency= [[Associated Press]] |date= 2009-06-10 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090613033017/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31190909 |archivedate= 2009-06-13 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "ButlerBarrett1992">{{cite book |last= Butler |first= K. |last2= Barrett |first2= S. |year= 1992 |title= A Consumer's Guide to "Alternative Medicine": A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-healing and Other Unconventional Treatments |series= Consumer Health Library |publisher= Prometheus |location= Buffalo, New York |isbn= 9780879757335|display-authors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name="QuackWatch_defund_NCCAM">{{cite web |last= Sampson |first= W.I. |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/nccam.html |title= Why the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Should Be Defunded |publisher= QuackWatch |date= 2002-12-10 |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130326020026/http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/nccam.html |archivedate= 2013-03-26 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "Quackwatch_wary">{{cite news |first= S. |last= Barrett |title= Be Wary of "Alternative" Health Methods |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/altwary.html|authorlink= Stephen Barrett |publisher=[[Quackwatch]]|date= 2004-02-10 |accessdate = 2008-03-03 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080509100851/http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/altwary.html |archivedate= 2008-05-09 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "Berman2010">{{Cite journal |last1= Berman |first1= B.M. |last2= Langevin |first2= H M. |last3= Witt |first3= C.M. |last4= Dubner |first4= R. |title= Acupuncture for chronic low back pain |doi= 10.1056/NEJMct0806114 |journal= New England Journal of Medicine |volume= 363 |issue= 5 |pages= 454–61 |year= 2010 |pmid= 20818865 |url= http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMct0806114 | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/60ZN1jBD9 |archivedate= 2011-07-30 |pmc= |ref= harv }}</ref>
<ref name= "Holloway2003">{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/feb/15/scienceandnature.highereducation1 |last= Holloway |first= R. |title= A callous view |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |accessdate= 2010-04-23| location= London |date= 2003-02-14 |department= Books |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100411001657/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/feb/15/scienceandnature.highereducation1| archivedate= 2010-04-11| deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "Ernst_Guardian">{{cite news |first= E. |last= Ernst |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2011/nov/08/alternative-medicine-ethics-free-zone |title= Alternative medicine remains an ethics-free zone |newspaper= [[The Guardian]]
|location= London |date= 2011-11-08 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130128052140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2011/nov/08/alternative-medicine-ethics-free-zone |archivedate= 2013-01-28 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "Henderson2008">{{cite news |first= M. |last= Henderson |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/alternative_medicine/article3760857.ece |title= Prince of Wales's guide to alternative medicine 'inaccurate' |newspaper= [[The Times]] |location= London |department= Health |date= 2008-04-17 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171648/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/alternative_medicine/article3760857.ece |archivedate= 2008-05-11 |deadurl= yes}}</ref>
<ref name= "Kerman2010">{{cite journal |last1= Kermen |first1= R. |last2= Hickner |first2= J. |last3= Brody |first3= H. |last4= Hasham |first4= I. |title= Family physicians believe the placebo effect is therapeutic but often use real drugs as placebos | journal= Family Medicine |year= 2010 |volume= 42 |issue= 9 |pages= 636–42 |url= http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2010/October/Rachel636.pdf |pmid= 20927672 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Winnick2005_2009">{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.38 |volume= 52 |issue= 1 |pages= 38–61 | last = Winnick| first = T.A.| title = From quackery to "complementary" medicine: The American medical profession confronts alternative therapies |journal= [[Social Problems (journal)|Social Problems]] |year= 2005 |jstor= 10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.38 |ref= harv}}<br />{{cite book |first= T.A. |last= Winnick |year= 2009 |chapter= From Quackery to "Complementary" Medicine: The American Medical Profession Confronts Alternative Therapies |title= The Sociology of Health and Illness |edition= 8th |editor-first= P. |editor-last= Conrad |location= New York |publisher= Worth |pages= 261–77 |isbn= 9781429205580}}</ref>
<ref name="Ernst2003">{{cite journal |last=Ernst |first= E. |title= Obstacles to research in complementary and alternative medicine |journal= Medical Journal of Australia |volume= 179 |issue= 6 |pages= 279–80 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12964907 |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Barnes2004">{{cite journal |last1= Barnes |first1= P.M. |last2= Powell-Griner |first2= E. |last3= McFann |first3= K. |last4= Nahin |first4= R.L. |title= Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002 |journal= Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics |volume= |issue= 343 |pages= 1–19 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15188733 |url= http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad343.pdf |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Astin1998">{{cite journal |last= Astin |first= J.A. |title= Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national study |journal= JAMA |volume= 279 |issue= 19 |pages= 1548–53 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9605899 |doi= 10.1001/jama.279.19.1548 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Thomas2001">{{cite journal |last1= Thomas |first1= K.J. |last2= Nicholl |first2= J.P. |last3= Coleman |first3= P. |title= Use and expenditure on complementary medicine in England: A population based survey |journal= Complementary Therapies in Medicine |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 2–11 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11264963 |doi= 10.1054/ctim.2000.0407 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Horneber2011">{{cite journal |last1= Horneber |first1= M. |last2= Bueschel |first2= G. |last3= Dennert |first3= G. |last4= Less |first4= D. |last5= Ritter |first5= E. |last6= Zwahlen |first6= M. |title= How many cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine: A systematic review and metaanalysis |journal= [[Integrative Cancer Therapies (journal)|Integrative Cancer Therapies]] |volume= 11 |issue= 3 |pages= 187–203 |year= 2011 |pmid= 22019489 |doi= 10.1177/1534735411423920|url= |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_tradmed_fact">{{cite web |url= http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ |title= Traditional medicine |accessdate = 2008-03-06 |year= 2003 |issue= Fact sheet 134 |publisher= WHO |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5Zeyw2hfS |archivedate= 2008-07-28 |deadurl= yes}}</ref>
<ref name= "Warner2006">{{cite web |last= Warner |first= J.|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/20/health/webmd/main1823747.shtml |title= Alternative Medicine Goes Mainstream |publisher= [[CBS News]] |work= [[WebMD]] |date= 2006-07-20 |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928001238/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/20/health/webmd/main1823747.shtml |archivedate= 2013-09-28 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "AHA2008">{{cite press release |title= Latest Survey Shows More Hospitals Offering Complementary and Alternative Medicine Services |url= http://www.aha.org/presscenter/pressrel/2008/080915-pr-cam.shtml |date= 2008-09-15 |publisher= [[American Hospital Association]] |accessdate= |archivedate= 2012-09-02 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20120902072431/http://www.aha.org/presscenter/pressrel/2008/080915-pr-cam.shtml |deadurl= no |ref= {{harvid|American Hospital Association|2008}}}}</ref>
<ref name= "Rosa1998">{{cite journal |last1= Rosa |first1= L. |last2= Rosa |first2= E. |last3= Sarner |first3= L. |last4= Barrett |first4= S. |authorlink2= Emily Rosa |title= A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch |url= http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187390 |journal= JAMA |volume= 279 |issue= 13 |pages= 1005–10 |year= 1998 |doi= 10.1001/jama.279.13.1005 |pmid= 9533499 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Barnes2008">{{cite journal |last1= Barnes |first1= P.M. |last2= Bloom |first2= B. |last3= Nahin |first3= R.L. |title= Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007 |journal= National Health Statistics Reports |issue= 12 |year= 2008 |url= http://nccam.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/news/nhsr12.pdf/ |pmid= 19361005 |pages=1–23 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "StopPain.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.stoppain.org/main_site/content/glossary.asp |title= Pain and Palliative Care Glossary |work= StopPain.org |publisher= Dept. of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, [[Beth Israel Medical Center]] |date= |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130310234620/http://www.stoppain.org/main_site/content/glossary.asp |archivedate= 2013-03-10 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "Kellhear2003">{{cite journal |first= A. |last= Kellehear |title= Complementary medicine: Is it more acceptable in palliative care practice? |journal= Medical Journal of Australia |year= 2003 |volume= 179 |issue= 6 Supplement |pages= S46–8 |url= http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/179_06_150903/kel10295_fm-2.html |pmid= 12964939 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Menefee2005">{{cite journal |last1= Menefee |first1= L.A. |last2= Monti |first2= D.A. |url= http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/105/suppl_5/S15#SEC5 | title= Nonpharmacologic and complementary approaches to cancer pain management |volume= 105 |issue= 5 Supplement |year= 2005 |pages= S15–20 |pmid= 16368903 | journal= The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Cassileth1996">{{cite journal |last=Cassileth |first= B.R. |url= http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/1/3/173 |title= Alternative and complementary cancer treatments |journal= The Oncologist |volume= 1 |issue= 3 |pages=173–9 |year = 1996 |pmid= 10387984 |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "JAMA_book_review">{{cite journal |title= The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines |department= Books, Journals, New Media |last= Marty |first= A.T. |url= http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/19/1852 |journal= JAMA |year= 1999 |volume= 281 |pages= 1852–3 |pmid= |doi= 10.1001/jama.281.19.1852-JBK0519-2-1 |issue= 19 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Sarris2012">{{cite journal |last=Sarris |first= J. |title= Current challenges in appraising complementary medicine evidence |journal= Medical Journal of Australia |volume= 196 |issue= 5 |pages=310–1 |year= 2012 |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/196/5/current-challenges-appraising-complementary-medicine-evidence |pmid= 22432660 |doi= 10.5694/mja11.10751 |ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Alcock1999">{{cite journal |first= J. |last= Alcock |title= Alternative medicine and the psychology of belief |journal= [[Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine]] |year= 1999 |volume= 3 |issue= 2 |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/altpsych.html |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Ernst_Cohen">{{cite journal |last1= Ernst |first1= E. |last2= Cohen |first2= M.H. |last3= Stone |first3= J. |title= Ethical problems arising in evidence based complementary and alternative medicine |journal= [[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |year= 2004 |volume= 30 |issue= 2 |pages= 156–9 |doi= 10.1136/jme.2003.007021 |url= http://jme.bmj.com/content/30/2/156 |accessdate= 2013-11-04 |pmid= 15082809 |pmc= 1733834 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name="Ernst 2">{{cite journal |last= Ernst |first =E. |title= The ethics of complementary medicine |journal= Journal of Medical Ethics |year= 1996 |volume= 22 |pages= 197–8 |doi= 10.1136/jme.22.4.197 |pmid= 8863142 |issue= 4 |pmc= 1376996 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Ernst 3">{{cite book |editor1-first= .E |title= The Desktop Guide to Complementary and Alternative Medicine |year= 2001 |location= Edinburgh |publisher= Mosby |editor2-last= Pittler |editor2-first= M.H. |editor3-last= Stevinson |editor3-first= C. |editor4-last= White |editor4-first= A. |displayeditors=4|isbn= 9780723432074 |oclc= 492760852 |editor-last= Ernst }}</ref>
<ref name="Ernst 4">{{cite journal |last= Ernst |first= E. |title= Funding research into complementary medicine: The situation in Britain |journal= Complementary Therapies in Medicine |year= 1999 |issue= 4 |pages= 250–3 |doi= 10.1016/S0965-2299(99)80011-9 |volume= 7 |pmid= 10709311 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Cohen1998">{{cite book |title= Complementary & Alternative Medicine: Legal Boundaries and Regulatory Perspectives |first= M.H. |last= Cohen |location= Baltimore|publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press |year= 1998 |pages= 24, 39, 56, 73, 87 |isbn= 9780801856891 |ref={{Harvid|Cohen|1998}}}}</ref>
<ref name=goodbadugly>{{cite web |url= http://www.healthwatch-uk.org/awardwinners/edzardernst.html |title= The HealthWatch Award 2005: Prof. Edzard Ernst: Complementary medicine: The good the bad and the ugly |last= Ernst |first= E. |publisher= [[HealthWatch]] |location= UK |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131016024908/http://www.healthwatch-uk.org/awardwinners/edzardernst.html |archivedate= 2013-10-16 |deadurl= no |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name=Ernst2011>{{cite journal |last= Ernst |first= E. |title= How Much of CAM Is Based on Research Evidence? |journal= Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |year= 2011 |volume= 2011 |issue= |pages= 676490 |pmid= 19465405 |doi= 10.1093/ecam/nep044 | pmc= 3136881 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Economist2011">{{cite news |magazine= [[The Economist]] |url= http://www.economist.com/node/18710090 |title= Alternative Medicine: Think yourself better |date= 2011-05-19 |pages= 83–4 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110522121254/http://www.economist.com/node/18710090 |archivedate= 2011-05-22 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "HHH2008">{{cite book |last= Ernst |first= E. |chapter= Placebo and other Non-specific Effects |title= Healing, Hype, or Harm? A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine |year= 2008 |editor-last= Ernst |editor-first= E. |publisher= Imprint Academic, Societas |isbn= 9781845401184}}</ref>
<ref name= "Katz2003">{{cite journal |last= Katz |first= D.L. |title= The evidence base for complementary and alternative medicine: Methods of evidence mapping with application to CAM |journal= Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |volume= 9 |issue= 4 |pages= 22–30 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12868249 |last2= Williams |first2= A.L. |last3= Girard |first3= C. |last4= Goodman |first4= J. |last5= Comerford |first5= B. |last6= Behrman |first6= A. |last7= Bracken |first7= M.B. |ref= harv|display-authors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name=Ernst2005>{{cite journal |last= Ernst |first= E. |title= The efficacy of herbal medicine -- An overview |journal= Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology |volume= 19 |issue= 4 |pages= 405–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16011726 |doi= 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00335.x |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Horrobin1986">{{cite journal |last= Horrobin |first= D.F. |year= 1986 |title= Glittering prizes for research support |url= |journal= Nature |volume= 324 |issue= 6094 |page= 221 |doi= 10.1038/324221a0 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="nccam_$">{{cite web |url= http://nccam.nih.gov/about/budget/appropriations.htm |title= NCCAM Funding: Appropriations History |accessdate= 2008-04-02 |date= 2008-01-09 |publisher= NCCAM |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5hSlSj9d5 |archivedate= 2009-06-11| deadurl=no}}</ref>
<ref name="Atwood2003">{{cite journal |first= K.C., IV |last= Atwood |authorlink= Kimball Atwood |title= The Ongoing Problem with the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=September–October 2003 |volume= 27.5 |publisher= |url = http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ongoing_problem_with_the_national_center |magazine= [[Skeptical Inquirer]] |pages= |accessdate= 2009-11-18 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091116142044/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ongoing_problem_with_the_national_center |archivedate= 2009-11-16 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Bodeker2002">{{Cite journal |pmid= 12356597 |year =2002 |last1= Bodeker |first1= G. |last2= Kronenberg |first2= F. | pmc = 3221447 |title= A public health agenda for traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine |volume= 92 |issue= 10 |pages= 1582–91 |journal= [[American Journal of Public Health]] |doi= 10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1582 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= "Colquhoun2012">{{cite journal |last= Colquhoun |first= D. |title= Regulation of alternative medicine ‐ Why it doesn't work |journal= Scottish Universities Medical Journal |year= 2012 |volume= 1 |series= EPub |issue= 16 |pages= 1–9 |url= http://sumj.dundee.ac.uk/data/uploads/epub-article/016-sumj.epub.pdf |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Connelly2012">{{cite journal |last= Connelly |first= P. |title= The ethics of acupuncture |journal= Scottish Universities Medical Journal |year= 2012 |volume= 1 |issue= 2 |pages= 165–9 |url= http://sumj.dundee.ac.uk/data/uploads/volume2/sumjv1i2p.165-169.pdf |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Malcolm2012">{{cite journal |last= Malcolm |first= R. |title= Small but intriguing - The unfolding story of homeopathic medicine |journal= Scottish Universities Medical Journal |year= 2012 |volume=1 |series= EPub |issue= 15 |pages= 1–7 |url= http://sumj.dundee.ac.uk/data/uploads/epub-article/015-sumj.epub.pdf |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Hills1999">{{cite web |url= http://benhills.com/articles/medical-mayhem/item/94-fake-healers |title=Fake healers: Why Australia's $1 billion-a-year alternative medicine industry is ineffective and out of control |date= 2011-09-23 |origyear= 1999 |accessdate= 2008-03-06 |last= Hills |first= B. |authorlink= Ben Hills |work= BenHills.com |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052507/http://benhills.com/articles/medical-mayhem/item/94-fake-healers |archivedate= 2012-08-29 |deadurl= no}}</ref>
<ref name= "SwanABC">{{cite episode |first= N. |last= Swan |title= Alternative Medicine – Part Three |date= 2000-10-02 |network= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |station= [[Radio National]] |url= http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s195441.htm | work =The Health Report |accessdate = 2008-03-06 | language = | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080306230537/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s195441.htm| archivedate= 2008-03-06 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= yes}}</ref>
<ref name=Stehlin>{{cite journal |first= I. |last= Stehlin |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071012070120/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html |url= http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/096_home.html |title= Homeopathy: Real medicine or empty promises? |magazine= FDA Consumer Magazine |date=December 1996 |publisher= FDA |archivedate= 2007-10-12 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Navarro2006">{{cite journal |title= Drug-related hepatotoxicity |doi= 10.1056/NEJMra052270 |year= 2006 |volume= 354 |pages= 731–9 |last1= Navarro |first1= V.J. |last2= Senior |first2=J.R. |journal= New England Journal of Medicine |pmid= 16481640 |issue= 7 |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
<ref name= "Renkens2009">{{cite journal |last= Renckens |first= C.N.M. |title= A Dutch view of the ''science'' of CAM 1986--2003 |journal= Evaluation & the Health Professions |volume= 32 |issue= 4 |pages= 431–50 |year= 2009 |pmid= 19926606 |doi= 10.1177/0163278709346815 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name=Vickers>{{cite journal |last1= Vickers |first1= A. |title= Alternative cancer cures: 'Unproven' or 'disproven'? |journal= CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians |volume= 54 |issue= 2 |pages= 110–8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15061600 |doi= 10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110/full |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "WebMD2011">{{cite web |url= http://www.webmd.com/balance/tc/complementary-medicine-mind-body-interventions |title= Complementary Medicine – Mind-Body Interventions |publisher= WebMD |work= Healthwise |date= 2011-06-29 |accessdate= 2013-03-11 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20121015144134/http://www.webmd.com/balance/tc/complementary-medicine-mind-body-interventions |archivedate= 2012-10-15 |deadurl= no }}</ref>
<ref name= "Sobel2000">{{cite book |last= Sobel |first= D.S. |chapter= Chapter 28: The Cost-effectiveness of Mind-body Medicine Interventions |title= Progress in Brain Research |volume= Volume 122 |pages= 393–412 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10737073 |doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62153-6 |isbn= 9780444500496 |editor1-last= Mayer |editor1-first= E.A. |editor2-last= Saper |editor2-first= C.B. }}</ref>
<ref name= "van_Deventer2008">{{cite journal |last= van Deventer |first= M.O. |title= Meta-placebo: Do doctors have to lie about giving a fake treatment? |journal= [[Medical Hypotheses]] |volume= 71 |issue= 3 |pages= 335–9 |year= 2008 |pmid= 18485613 |doi= 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.040 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Con?">{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/features/complementary-therapies-the-big-con-813248.html |title= Complementary therapies: The big con? |newspaper= [[The Independent]] |accessdate= 2010-04-23 |location= London |date= 2008-04-22 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100417080412/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/complementary-therapies-the-big-con-813248.html | archivedate= 2010-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=Beyerstein>{{cite journal |last= Beyerstein |first= B.L. |url= http://www.sram.org/0302/bias.html |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20111012091930/http://www.sram.org/0302/bias.html |archivedate= 2010-10-12 |title= Psychology and 'alternative medicine' social and judgmental biases that make inert treatments seem to work |journal= Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine |year= 1999 |volume= 3 |issue= 2 |accessdate= 2008-07-07 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Ernst2010">{{Cite journal |last1= Ernst |first1= E. |doi= 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02425.x |title= The public's enthusiasm for complementary and alternative medicine amounts to a critique of mainstream medicine | journal= International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume= 64 |issue= 11 |pages= 1472–4 |year= 2010 |pmid= 20846193 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= Weber>{{cite journal |last= Weber |first= D.O. |title= Complementary and alternative medicine considering the alternatives |journal= [[Physician Executive]] |volume= 24 |issue= 6 |pages= 6–14 |year= 1998 |pmid= 10351720 |ref= harv}}</ref>
<ref name= "Schofield2010">{{Cite journal |last1= Schofield |first1= P. |last2= Diggens |first2= J. |last3= Charleson |first3= C. |last4= Marigliani |first4= R. |last5= Jefford |first5= M. |title= Effectively discussing complementary and alternative medicine in a conventional oncology setting: Communication recommendations for clinicians |doi= 10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.038 |journal= Patient Education and Counseling |volume= 79 |issue= 2 | pages= 143–51 |year= 2010 |pmid= 19783116 |pmc= |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}</ref>
}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last= Bivins |first= R. |title= Alternative Medicine? A History |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= <!-- Oxford redundant --> |isbn= 9780199218875 |url= |year= 2007 |ref= harv}}
* {{cite book |author= Board of Science and Education, [[British Medical Association]] |title=Complementary Medicine: New Approaches to Good Practice |year= 1993 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780192861665 |ref= {{harvid|BMA|1993}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last= Callahan |editor-first= D. |year= 2004 |title= The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Accommodating Pluralism |publisher= Georgetown University Press |location= Washington, D.C. |isbn= 9781589014640 |ref= {{harvid|Callahan|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |author= Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, [[Institute of Medicine]], [[United States National Academies|US National Academies]] |title= Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States |url= http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2005/Complementary-and-Alternative-Medicine-in-the-United-States.aspx |year= 2005 |publisher= National Academy Press |location= Washington, D.C. |isbn= 0309092701 <!-- hardcover print version --> |ref= {{harvid|CAM Committee|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |title= The Homœopathic Medical Doctrine, or "Organon of the Healing Art" |publisher= W.F. Wakeman |last= Hahnemann |first= S. |authorlink= Samuel Hahnemann |year= 1833 |location= Dublin | others= Translation by Devrient, C.H. Annotated by Stratten, S.|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last= Ruggie |first= M.|title= Marginal to Mainstream: Alternative Medicine in America |url= |year= 2004 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521834292 |ref= harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Saks |first= M.|title= Orthodox and Alternative Medicine: Politics, Professionalization and Health Care |url= |year= 2003 |publisher= Sage Publications |isbn= 9781446265369 |ref= harv}}
* {{cite book |last= Sointu |first= E. |title= Theorizing Complementary and Alternative Medicines: Wellbeing, Self, Gender, Class |url= |year= 2012 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |location= Basingstoke, England |isbn= 9780230309319|ref= harv}}
* {{cite book |title= Sixth Report: Complementary and Alternative Medicine |url= http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12301.htm |last1= Walton |first1= J., Sir|last2= Science and Technology Committee, [[House of Lords]], [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |year= 2000 |isbn= 9780104831007 |origyear= Session 1999-2000, HL 123 |location= London |publisher= The Stationery Office |ref= {{harvid|Sir Walton: Science and Technology Committee|2000}}}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Bausell |first= R.B |year= 2007 |title= Snake Oil Science: The Truth About Complementary and Alternative Medicine |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780195313680}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Benedetti |first1= F. |last2= Maggi |first2= G. |last3= Lopiano |first3= L. |last4= Lanotte |first4= M. |last5= Rainero |first5= I. |last6= Vighetti |first6= S. |last7= Pollo |first7= A. |title= Open versus hidden medical treatments: The patient's knowledge about a therapy affects the therapy outcome |journal= Prevention & Treatment |year= 2003 |volume= 6 |issue= 1 |doi= 10.1037/1522-3736.6.1.61a |ref= harv|displayauthors= 1 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last= Diamond |editor-first= J. |title= Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations |year= 2001 |isbn= 9780099428336 |chapter= Foreword |first= R. |last= Dawkins |authorlink= Richard Dawkins |publisher= Vintage |location= London}} Reprinted in {{harvnb|Dawkins|2003}}.
* {{cite journal | author = Downing AM, Hunter DG | title = Validating clinical reasoning: A question of perspective, but whose perspective? | journal = Manual Therapy | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–9 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12890440 | doi = 10.1016/S1356-689X(02)00077-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | author = Eisenberg DM | title = Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–9 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9214254 | doi = 10.1059/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | author = Gunn IP | title = A critique of Michael L. Millenson's book, ''Demanding Medical Excellence: Doctors and Accountability in the Information Age, and its Relevance to CRNAs and Nursing'' | journal = AANA Journal | volume = 66 | issue = 6 | pages = 575–82 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 10488264 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Hand |first= W.D. |year=1980 |chapter=Folk Magical Medicine and Symbolism in the West |title=Magical Medicine |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |pages=305–19 |isbn= 9780520041295 |oclc=6420468}}
* {{cite book |authorlink= Ivan Illich |last= Illich |first= I. |title= Limits to Medicine: Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health |publisher= Penguin |year= 1976 |isbn= 9780140220094 |oclc= 4134656 }}
* {{cite book |author= [[Mayo Clinic]] |title= Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine: The New Approach to Using the Best of Natural Therapies and Conventional Medicine |location= Parsippany, New Jersey |publisher= [[Time Inc|Time]] Home Entertainment |year= 2007 |isbn= 9781933405926}}
* {{cite journal |first= P., Jr. |last= Stevens |date=November–December 2001 |title= Magical thinking in complementary and alternative medicine |work=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |url= http://www.csicop.org/si/show/magical_thinking_in_complementary_and_alternative_medicine |ref= harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Planer |first= F.E. |year= 1988 |title= Superstition |edition= Rev. |location= Buffalo, New York |publisher= Prometheus Books |isbn= 9780879754945 |oclc= 18616238}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.cwru.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Sources_of_Healthcare.htm |last= Rosenfeld |first= A. |title= Where Do Americans Go for Healthcare? |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |location= Cleveland, Ohio |year= {{Circa}} 2000 |accessdate= 2010-09-23}}
* {{cite book |last= Singh |first= S. |authorlink= Simon Singh |first2= E. |last2= Ernst |authorlink2= Edzard Ernst |year= 2008 |title= [[Trick or Treatment|Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts About Alternative Medicine]] |isbn= 9780393066616 <!-- ISBN status = May be invalid – please double check --> |oclc= 181139440 |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=bZjlC2LELlIC preview] at [[Google Book Search|Google Books]].
* {{cite journal | author = Tonelli MR | title = The limits of evidence-based medicine | journal = Respiratory Care | volume = 46 | issue = 12 | pages = 1435–40; discussion 1440–1 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11728302 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last= Trivieri |first= L., Jr. |editor-last= Anderson |editor-first= J.W. |title= Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide |location= Berkeley |publisher= Ten Speed Press |year=2002 |isbn= 9781587611414}}
* {{cite book |last= Wisneski |first= L.A. |last2= Anderson |first2= L. |title= The Scientific Basis of Integrative Medicine |publisher= CRC Press |year= 2005 |isbn= 9780849320811 |displayauthors= 1 }}
* {{cite journal |last= Zalewski |first= Z. |title= Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking |journal= [[CMJ]] |year= 1999 |volume= 40 |issue= 1 |pages= 8–13 |url= http://www.bsb.mefst.hr/cmj/1999/4001/400102.htm |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20040206092548/http://www.bsb.mefst.hr/cmj/1999/4001/400102.htm |archivedate= 2004-02-06 |ref= harv}}
===World Health Organization publications===
*{{cite book |title= General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine |url= http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_EDM_TRM_2000.1.pdf |volume= WHO/EDM/TRM/2001.1 |author= World Health Organization |authormask=0 |year= 2000 |location= Geneva |publisher= World Health Organization (WHO) |quote= This document is not a formal publication of the WHO. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. |ref= {{harvid|WHO|2000}}}}
*{{cite book |title= WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Chiropractic |url= http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |author= World Health Organization |authormask=0 |year= 2005 |location= Geneva |publisher= WHO |isbn= 9241593717 |ref= {{harvid|WHO|2005}}}}
*{{cite book |title= WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine |last1= WHO Kobe Centre |last2= Bodeker |first2= G. |last3= Ong |first3= C.K. |last4= Grundy |first4= C. |last5= Burford |first5= G. |last6= Shein |first6= K. |year= 2005 |publisher= WHO |isbn= 9789241562867|displayauthors=2 }} [http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=15&codcch=614 Summary.]
===Journals dedicated to alternative medicine research===
* Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. Aliso Viejo, California : InnoVision Communications, c1995- NLM ID: [http://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9502013&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1 9502013]
* [http://altmedrev.com/ Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutics]. Sandpoint, Idaho : Thorne Research, Inc., c1996- NLM ID: [http://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9705340&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1 9705340]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882 BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine]. London: BioMed Central, 2001- NLM ID: [http://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=101088661&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1 101088661]
* Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Edinburgh ; New York : Churchill Livingstone, c1993- NLM ID: [http://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9308777&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1 9308777]
* [http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/ Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM]. New York: Hindawi, c2004 NLM ID: [http://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=Evidence%20Based%20Complementary%20and%20Alternative%20Medicine&Search_Code=TKEY&CNT=10&PID=fpUDGDBAnYWR-hE7tDjwdrxtvHm&SEQ=20130926044311&SID=2 101215021]
* [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=JournalHome&ProduktNr=224242 Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine]
* [http://www.jintmed.org/ Journal of Integrative medicine.]
* [http://www.liebertpub.com/products/product.aspx?pid=26 Journal for Alternative and Complementary Medicine] New York : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1995
* [http://www.sram.org/index.html Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine (SRAM)]
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|voy=no|n=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|d=Q188504|b=Category:Alternative medicine|v=Category:Complementary_and_alternative_medicine}}
*{{DMOZ|Health/Alternative/}}
* [http://nccam.nih.gov/ The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]: US [[National Institutes of Health]]
* [http://www.cancer.gov/cam/ The Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine]: US [[National Cancer Institute]], National Institutes of Health
* [http://www.vifab.dk/uk Knowledge and Research Center for Alternative Medicine]: Denmark, the Ministry of the Interior and Health
*[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/eto/content/eto_5_3x_guidelines_for_using_complementary_and_alternative_methods.asp Guidelines For Using Complementary and Alternative Methods]: from the [[American Cancer Society]]
* [http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ Complementary and Alternative Medicine Index]: from the [[University of Maryland, Baltimore|University of Maryland Medical Center]]
* [http://www.fammed.wisc.edu/integrative/modules Integrative Medicine Podcasts and Handouts]: Teaching modules from the [[University of Wisconsin]] Integrative Medicine Program
* [http://www.open2.net/alternativemedicine/index.html "Alternative Medicine"]: A BBC/Open University television series that examines the evidence scientifically
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alternative-medicine/PN00001 "Complementary and alternative medicine: What is it?"]: from the [[Mayo Clinic]]
* [http://www.naturalstandard.com/ Natural Standard Research Collaboration]
* [http://www.pbs.org/saf/1210/index.html A Different Way to Heal?] and [http://www.pbs.org/saf/1210/video/watchonline.htm Videos]: from [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] and [[Scientific American Frontiers]]
* [http://www.pbs.org/kcet/closertotruth/explore/show_11.html Who Gets to Validate Alternative Medicine?]: from [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
===Criticism===
* [http://www.theness.com/index.php/what-is-complementary-and-alternative-medicine/ What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine?] – [[Steven Novella]], Maryland
* [http://www.skepdic.com/althelth.html "Alternative" health practice] – [[Skeptic's Dictionary]]
* [http://www.quackwatch.org Quackwatch.org] – [[Stephen Barrett]] (See also: [[Quackwatch]])<!--- DO NOT REMOVE! DOCUMENTATION FOR QUACKWATCH AS A RELIABLE SOURCE ABOUT CAM: Among many other sources listed on the Quackwatch article, the [[American Cancer Society]] lists Quackwatch as one of ten reputable sources of information about Alternative and Complementary Therapies in their book "Cancer Medicine",<ref name=ACS>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?indexed=google&rid=cmed6.table.18497 Reputable Sources of Information about Alternative and Complementary Therapies] – [[American Cancer Society]] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?indexed=google&rid=cmed6.table.18497|date =20090306160714}}</ref> and lists it as one of four sources for information about Alternative & Complementary Therapies in an article about on-line cancer information and support.<ref name=ACS_info>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ESN/content/ESN_2_4X_Cancer_information_and_support_available_online.asp Cancer Information & Support Available Online] – [[American Cancer Society]] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ESN/content/ESN_2_4X_Cancer_information_and_support_available_online.asp|date =20110605180613}}</ref> It also uses Quackwatch as a reference in a long series of articles on many forms of alternative medicine.<ref name=ACS_altmed_series>[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rlz=1T4GWYE_enUS238US238&q=quackwatch+site%3Acancer.org&btnG=Search A Google search lists a long series of articles] on many forms of alternative medicine on the [[American Cancer Society]] website that use Quackwatch as a source.</ref> -->
* {{cite journal |title= Review - ''Healing, Hype, or Harm? A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine'', by Edzard Ernst (Editor) |url= http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=4690&cn=452 |journal= Metapsychology online reviews |volume= 13 |issue= 5 |last= Purday |first= K.M. |date= 2009-01-27 |ref= harv}}
* [http://whatstheharm.net/ What's the harm?] Website created by Tim Farley listing cases of people harmed by various alternative treatments
[[หมวดหมู่:แพทยศาสตร์]]
| |||