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ในช่วงปลายคริสตศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบ คำนี้มักใช้กล่าวถึงกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่มีความเชื่อมโยงทางประวัติศาสตร์กับแผ่นดินก่อน[[การล่าอาณานิคม]]หรือการก่อตั้ง[[รัฐชาติ]]และกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ดังกล่าวคงไว้ซึ่งความแตกต่างทางวัฒนธรรมและการเมืองจากวัฒนธรรมและการเมืองกระแสหลักในรัฐชาติที่กลุ่มชาติพันธ์นั้นดำรงอยู่<ref name="Coates">Coates 2004:12</ref> ความหมายทางการเมืองของคำนี้หมายถึงกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่ง่ายต่อการถูกเอาเปรียบและกดขี่โดยรัฐชาติ ด้วยเหตุนี้จึงมีการกำหนดสิทธิพิเศษทางการเมืองให้กับชนพื้นเมืองโดยองค์การนานาชาติ อาทิเช่น [[สหประชาชาติ]] [[องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ]] และ[[ธนาคารโลก]]<ref name="Sanders, Douglas 1999. pp. 4 - 13">{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0940739199770591|author=Sanders, Douglas|year=1999|title=Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition|journal= International Journal of Cultural Property|volume=8|pages=4–13}}</ref> สหประชาชาติได้ประกาศ [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] เพื่อปกป้องสิทธิในวัฒนธรรม อัตลักษณ์ ภาษา การจ้างงาน สุขภาพ การศึกษา และทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ ของชนพื้นเมือง ด้วยนิยามที่ต่างกันไป มีประมาณการณ์ว่าชนพื้นเมืองในโลกนี้มีอยู่ราว 220 ล้านคนใน ค.ศ. 1997<ref>Bodley 2008:2</ref>ถึง 350 ล้านคน ใน ค.ศ. 2004<ref name="Coates" />
==สิทธิ ปัญหา และความกังวล==
Indigenous peoples confront a diverse range of concerns associated with their status and interaction with other cultural groups, as well as changes in their inhabited environment. Some challenges are specific to particular groups; however, other challenges are commonly experienced. Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi (2003) explore why and how the circumstances of indigenous peoples are improving in some places of the world, while their human rights continue to be abused in others.<ref>Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi (eds.) ''At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity and Postcolonial States'' University of Michigan Press (2003)[http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do;jsessionid=1ADB525E82D520F3CE8B1393F0EAA914?id=11605]</ref> These issues include cultural and linguistic preservation, [[land rights]], ownership and exploitation of [[natural resources]], political determination and autonomy, [[environment (biophysical)|environmental]] degradation and incursion, poverty, [[Public health|health]], and discrimination.
The interaction between indigenous and non-indigenous societies throughout history has been complex, ranging from outright conflict and subjugation to some degree of mutual benefit and cultural transfer. A particular aspect of [[Anthropology|anthropological study]] involves investigation into the ramifications of what is termed [[First contact (anthropology)|''first contact'']], the study of what occurs when two cultures first encounter one another. The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region, which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources.
The [[Bangladesh]] Government has stated that there are "no [[Indigenous Peoples]] in Bangladesh".<ref name="Shafiq">[http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=198775&cid=3 No 'indigenous', reiterates Shafique]. bdnews24.com (18 June 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.</ref> This has angered the [[Indigenous Peoples]] of [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], Bangladesh, collectively known as the Jumma (whichs include the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Marma people|Marma]], Tripura, [[Tanchangya people|Tenchungya]], [[Chak people|Chak]], [[Pankho]], [[Mru]], [[Murung]], [[Bawm]], [[Lushai]], [[Khyang]], [[Gurkha]], [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Santal]] and Khumi).<ref name="Mochta">[http://web.archive.org/web/20080708205108/http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs]. mochta.gov.bd. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.</ref> Experts have protested against this move of the Bangladesh Government and have questioned the Government's definition of the term "[[Indigenous Peoples]]".<ref name="ChakmaRaja">[http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=196924&cid=2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLEChakma Raja decries non-recognition]. bdnews24.com (28 May 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.</ref><ref name="SultanaKamal">[http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=196847&cid=2 'Define terms minorities, indigenous']. bdnews24.com (27 May 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.</ref> This move by the [[Bangladesh]] Government is seen by the [[Indigenous Peoples]] of [[Bangladesh]] as another step by the Government to further erode their already limited rights.<ref name="shams">[http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4511-disregarding-the-jumma.html Disregarding the Jumma]. Himalmag.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-11.</ref>
Wherever indigenous cultural identity is asserted, some particular set of societal issues and concerns may be voiced which either arise from (at least in part), or have a particular dimension associated with, their indigenous status. These concerns will often be commonly held or affect other societies also, and are not necessarily experienced uniquely by indigenous groups.
Despite the diversity of Indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society. They are generally concerned that the cultures of Indigenous peoples are being lost and that indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into their surrounding societies. This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. Notable exceptions are the [[Yakuts|Sakha]] and [[Komi peoples]] (two of the northern indigenous peoples of [[Russia]]), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian [[Inuit]], who form a majority of the territory of [[Nunavut]] (created in 1999).
It is also sometimes argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve a wide range of [[cultural diversity]] as possible, and that the protection of indigenous cultures is vital to this enterprise.
An example of this occurred in 2002 when the Government of [[Botswana]] expelled all the [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] Bushmen known as the San from their lands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/News2002/bot002_san_supplies.htm |title=afrol News – Botswana govt gets tougher on San tribesmen |publisher=Afrol.com |accessdate=30 June 2010}}</ref> on which they had lived for at least twenty thousand years. President Festus Mogai has described the [[Bushmen]] as "stone age creatures"<ref>{{cite news|last=Simpson |first=John |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4480883.stm |title=Africa | Bushmen fight for homeland |publisher=BBC News |date=2 May 2005 |accessdate=30 June 2010}}</ref> and a minister for local government, [[Margaret Nasha]], likened public criticism of their eviction to criticism of the culling of elephants.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,1735617,00.html |work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Who really belongs to another age – bushmen or the House of Lords? | first=George | last=Monbiot | date=21 March 2006 | accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> In 2006, the Botswanan High Court ruled that the Bushmen had a right to return to their land in the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6191185.stm |work=BBC News | title=Botswana bushmen ruling accepted | date=18 December 2006 | accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref><ref>Brigitte Weidlich [http://web.archive.org/web/20081203144046/http://www.namibian.com.na/2006/December/national/0664B6623B.html Botswana Bushmen win eviction case]. namibian.com.na. 14 December 2006</ref>
=== Health issues ===
In December 1993, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] proclaimed the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People, and requested UN specialized agencies to consider with governments and indigenous people how they can contribute to the success of the Decade of Indigenous People, commencing in December 1994. As a consequence, the [[World Health Organization]], at its Forty-seventh World Health Assembly established a core advisory group of indigenous representatives with special knowledge of the health needs and resources of their communities, thus beginning a long-term commitment to the issue of the health of indigenous peoples.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/ethics/activities/WHA47.27.pdf |title=RESOLUTIONS AND DECISIONS. WHA47.27 International Decade of the World's Indigenous People. The Forty-seventh World Health Assembly, |work=World Health Organization |format=PDF |accessdate =17 April 2011}}</ref>
The WHO notes that "[[Statistical data]] on the health status of indigenous peoples is scarce. This is especially notable for indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia and eastern Europe", but snapshots from various countries, where such statistics are available, show that indigenous people are in worse health than the general population, in advanced and [[developing countries]] alike: higher incidence of [[diabetes]] in some regions of Australia;<ref>Hanley, Anthony J. [http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/540921 Diabetes in Indigenous Populations], Medscape Today</ref> higher prevalence of poor [[sanitation]] and lack of safe water among Twa households in Rwanda;<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1|title=Health of Indigenous people in Africa|year=2006|last1=Ohenjo|first1=Nyang'ori|last2=Willis|first2=Ruth|last3=Jackson|first3=Dorothy|last4=Nettleton|first4=Clive|last5=Good|first5=Kenneth|last6=Mugarura|first6=Benon|journal=The Lancet|volume=367|issue=9526|pages=1937}}</ref> a greater prevalence of childbirths without [[prenatal care]] among ethnic [[minorities]] in Vietnam;<ref>Health and Ethnic Minorities in Viet Nam, Technical Series No. 1, June 2003, WHO, p. 10</ref> suicide rates among Inuit youth in Canada are eleven times higher than the national average;<ref>Facts on Suicide Rates, First Nations and Inuit Health, Health Canada</ref> [[infant mortality]] rates are higher for indigenous peoples everywhere.<ref name="WHO2">{{cite web |url=http://allcountries.org/health/health_of_indigenous_peoples.html |title=Health of indigenous peoples |work=Health Topics A to Z |accessdate =17 April 2011}}</ref>
=== วันสากลของชนพื้นเมืองโลก ===
{{Main|International Day of the World’s Indigenous People}}
วันสากลของชนพื้นเมืองโลกตรงกับวันที่ 9 สิงหาคม อันเป็นวันที่มีการประชุมขอ United Nations Working Group of Indigenous Populations เป็นครั้งแรก
สมัชชาใหญ่แห่งสหประชาชาติลงมติเมื่อ 23 ธันวาคม ค.ศ. 1994 ให้วันที่ 9 สิงหาคมเป็นวันสากลของชนพื้นเมืองโลก (resolution 49/214) เป็นเวลาสิบปี ต่อมาเมื่อวันที่ 20 ธันวาคม ค.ศ. 2004 สมัชชาฯ มีมติให้ยืดเวลาของการฉลองวันสากลนี้ไปอีกทศวรรษหนึ่ง (ค.ศ. 2005–2014) (resolution 59/174).<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050715091038/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/indigenous/ International Day of the World's Indigenous People – 9 August]. www.un.org. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.</ref>
== อ้างอิง ==
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