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== History ==
''Main article:'' [[History of Tasmania]]
 
=== Physical prehistory ===
It is believed that the island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent [[ice age]] approximately 10,000 years ago.
 
=== Indigenous people ===
''Main article: [[Tasmanian Aborigine]]''
 
Tasmania was once inhabited only by an [[indigenous people|indigenous population]], the [[Tasmanian Aborigine]]s, and evidence indicates their presence in the territory, later to become an island, at least 35,000 years ago (rising sea levels cut Tasmania off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago). The indigenous population at the time of British settlement in 1803 has been estimated at between 5 000-10 000 people, but through persecution (see [[Black War]] and [[Black Line]]) and [[disease]] the population had dwindled to 300 in 1833. The entire indigenous population was moved to [[Flinders Island]] by [[George Augustus Robinson]] at this time. [[Truganini]] (1812-1876) is generally recognised as the last full-blooded Tasmanian Aborigine, although there is strong evidence that it was in fact [[Fanny Cochrane Smith]], who was born at Wybalena, and died in 1905.
 
=== European arrival ===
The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a [[European]] was on [[November 24]]th [[1642]] by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] explorer [[Abel Tasman]] who named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt, after his sponsor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to [[Van Diemens Land]] by the British. Captain [[James Cook]] also sighted the island in [[1777]], and numerous other European seafarers made landfalls, adding a colourful array to the names of topographical features.
 
The first settlement was by the [[British Empire|British]] at [[Risdon Cove, Tasmania|Risdon Cove]] on the eastern bank of the Derwent estuary in [[1803]], by a small party sent from Sydney, under Lt. John Bowen. An alternative settlement was established by Captain David Collins 5 km to the south in [[1804]] in [[Sullivan's Cove, Tasmania|Sullivan's Cove]] on the western side of the Derwent, where fresh water was more plentiful. The latter settlement became known as Hobart Town or Hobarton, later shortened to Hobart, after the British Colonial Secretary of the time, Lord Hobart. The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned.
 
The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards, with the task of developing agriculture and other industries. Numerous other [[convict-based settlement|convict-based settlements]] were made in Van Diemens Land, including secondary prisons, such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at [[Port Arthur, Tasmania|Port Arthur]] in the south-east and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast.
 
[[Van Diemens Land]] was proclaimed a separate colony from [[New South Wales]], with its own judicial establishment and [[Tasmanian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], on [[December 3]] [[1825]].
 
=== World attention ===
Although the state is seldom in the world news, global attention has turned to Tasmania quite a few times. The events outside of living memory earlier in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries nevertheless are as significant. The Hobart fires of the [[1960s]] with the loss of life and property; then in the [[1970s]] when the then-government announced plans to flood environmentally significant [[Lake Pedder]]; the national and international attention to the No Dams campaign about the Franklin River in the early [[1980s]]. Significantly also on [[April 28]] [[1996]] when lone gunman [[Martin Bryant]] opened fire, killing 35 tourists and residents and injuring 37 others in an incident now known as the [[Port Arthur Massacre]]; and most recently with the [[2004]] wedding of former Hobart woman [[Mary Donaldson]] to [[Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark]], on [[May 14]] 2004.
 
== Geography ==
''Main article: [[Geography of Tasmania]]''
[[ไฟล์:Tasmap.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Map of Tasmania]]
 
Tasmania is a rugged island of [[temperate climate]], so similar in some ways to pre-industrial [[England]] that it was referred to by some English colonists as 'a Southern England'.
 
Geographically, Tasmania is similar to [[New Zealand]] to its east, but as Tasmania has been volcanically inactive in recent geological times, Tasmania has 'rounded smooth' mountain ranges similar to mainland Australia, unlike most of New Zealand. The most mountainous region is the [[Central Highlands]] area, which covers most of the central west parts of the state. The central east area (the [[Midlands, Tasmania|Midlands]]) is fairly flat by comparison, and is predominantly used for agriculture, although farming activity is also scattered around the state.
 
The West Coast, being populated and having historically over a 150 years of mineral exploration and exploitation, is a vital region to the state for its high rainfall which has powered hydro-electric schemes, and its earnings from mineral activities. The [[West Coast Range (Tasmania)|West Coast Range]] has had some of the more well known West Coast mines on its slopes - notably the [[Mount Lyell, Tasmania|Mount Lyell]] mine.
 
The South-West region, in particular, is densely forested, the [[Southwest_National_Park|National Park]] holding some of the last temperate rainforests in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. Management of such an isolated and inaccessible area has been made easier and more reliable with the advent of [[Earth observation satellite|satellite imaging]].
 
[[ไฟล์:Cataract Gorge.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Cataract Gorge]], near [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]]]]
 
Most of the population lives on and around the coastal rivers - the [[Derwent River, Tasmania|Derwent]] and [[Huon River]]s in the south, the [[Tamar River, Tasmania|Tamar]] and [[Mersey River (Australia)|Mersey River]]s in the north.
 
The temperate climate (only Australian state with any land below the 40th [[Latitude|parallel]],) rustic environment and numerous historic features (for example, [[Richmond Bridge]] in south-eastern Tasmania is the oldest bridge in Australia) has made Tasmania a popular choice for retirees who prefer a temperate climate over a tropical one such as [[Queensland]].
 
== Government ==
''Main article:'' [[Government of Tasmania]]
 
The form of the government of Tasmania is prescribed in its Constitution, which dates from [[1856]], although it has been amended many times since then. Since [[1901]] Tasmania has been a state of the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]], and the [[Australian Constitution]] regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth.
 
Under the Australian Constitution, Tasmania ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained complete independence in all other areas. In practice, however, the independence of the Australian states has been greatly eroded by the increasing financial domination of the Commonwealth.
 
== Politics ==
Tasmania's relatively low population density and temperate, maritime climate mean that it has a number of relatively unspoilt, [[ecology|ecologically]] valuable regions. Proposals for local economic development have therefore been faced with strong requirements for environmental sensitivity, or outright opposition. In particular, proposals for hydroelectric power generation proved controversial in the late 20th century. In the [[1970s]], opposition to the construction of the [[Lake Pedder]] impoundment led to the formation of the world's first [[green party|green party]], the [[United Tasmania Group]]. In the early 1980s the state was again plunged into often bitter debate over the proposed [[Franklin Dam| Franklin River Dam]]. The anti-dam sentiment was shared by many Australians outside Tasmania, and proved a factor in the election of the [[Bob Hawke|Hawke]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government in 1983, which halted construction of the dam. Since the [[1980s]] the environmental focus has shifted to [[old growth]] logging, which has proved a highly divisive issue. The [[Tasmania Together]] process recommended an end to clear felling in high conservation old growth forests by January 2003.
 
Nationally, Tasmania is well represented in the [[Australian Senate]], where seats are not proportional to population. Since [[1975]], Tasmanian Independent senator [[Brian Harradine]] often held the [[balance of power]]. As a result he was able to hold the government of the day to pass legislation that, although often matches his conservative religious views, was also very financially rewarding for the state. Harradine successfully defended his seat in six consecutive senate elections and did not stand for re-election at the [[Australian legislative election, 2004|2004 federal election]], voluntarily retiring.
 
In the [[Tasmanian legislative election, 2002|2002 state election]], the [[Australian_Labor_Party|Labor_Party]] held 14 of the 25 available seats. The [[Liberal_Party_of_Australia|Liberal Party]] saw their percentage of the vote decrease dramatically, claiming only 7 seats. The Greens won four seats, with over 18% percent of the vote, the highest proportion of any Green party in any parliament in the world.
 
On [[23 February]] [[2004]], the Premier [[Jim Bacon]] announced his retirement, due to being diagnosed with [[lung cancer]]. He died four months later.
 
* [[List of Governors of Tasmania|List of former Governors of Tasmania]]
* [[Premier of Tasmania|List of premiers of Tasmania]]
* [[Local Government Areas of Tasmania]]
 
== Economy ==
Tasmania's erratic economy was first experienced by colonists in the early 1800s.
The reasons have been many and varied over the years. More recently the reasons have been attributed to: lack of federal infrastructure, lack of a [[gold rush]], lack of open [[immigration]] initiatives, lack of population, decline in the [[wool]] and mineral economies, lack of early colonial initatives, or lack of foreign investment. For the length of the history of Tasmania there has been the continuing exodus of youth to mainland Australia in order to seek employment opportunities.
 
Traditionally Tasmania's main industries have been: [[mining]], including [[copper]], [[zinc]], [[tin]], and [[iron]]; [[agriculture]]; [[forestry]]; and [[tourism]]. Significantly in the 1940's and 1950's there had been a notion of 'Hydro-Industrialisation' but even that has ebbed. These all have had varying fortunes over the last century and more, involved in ebbs and flows of population moving in and away dependant upon the specific requirements of the dominant industries of the time.
 
There had been a decline in [[manufacturing]] during the 1990's, leading to a drain of the island's trained and experienced working population to mainland Australia, especially to major urban centres such as [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]].
 
Since 2001, Tasmania has experienced a positive turn around. Favourable economic conditions throughout Australia, cheaper air fares and three new ''[[Spirit of Tasmania]]'' ferries have all contributed to what is now a booming tourism industry. Record numbers of tourists are discovering the island, the property market is booming and the growth of businesses are now being limited by labour constraints.
 
 
 
Tasmania's economic woes have caused many Tasmanians to view the world and their place in it quite differently from the rest of Australia. Consequently, Tasmania has a thriving, though under-resourced, arts community and environmental movement. However, this has turned out to be as much a divisive as an inclusive issue in respect of Tasmanian's sense of identity. The thrust of the environmental lobby has resulted in large areas of the state being conserved in national parks and other protected areas thus limiting economic development through means of industries such as forestry and mining as well as new places of settlement for future population growth. The position of the environmentalist lobby is that such developmental limitation is offset by enhanced tourism prospects.
Today, a significant number of employed Tasmanians work for the government. Other major employers include the [[Federal Group]], owner of Tasmania's two [[casino]]s, and [[Gunns Limited]], the state's biggest [[forestry]] company. In the late [[1990s]], many national companies have based their [[call centre]]s in the state.
 
== Transport ==
The fastest and cheapest method of travel across Bass Strait is by [[airline|air]]. The main carriers are [[Qantas]], [[Jetstar_Airways|JetStar]], and [[Virgin Blue]], which fly direct routes to [[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]], and [[Adelaide]]. Major airports include the [[Hobart International Airport]] and [[Launceston Airport]]; the smaller airports, Burnie and Devonport, are serviced by [[Regional Express]] and Qantaslink who generally fly only to Melbourne and the Bass Strait islands.
 
The domestic [[sea]] route is being serviced by the [[Bass Strait]] passenger/vehicle ferries operated by the Tasmanian Government-owned [[TT-Line]]. From 1986 the ''[[Abel Tasman (ship)|Abel Tasman]]'' made six weekly overnight crossings between [[Devonport, Tasmania|Devonport]] and [[Melbourne]]. It was replaced by the ''[[Spirit of Tasmania]]'' in 1993, which performed the same route and schedule. The most recent change was the 2002 replacement of the Spirit by two Superfast ferries - ''Spirit of Tasmania I'' and ''Spirit of Tasmania II'' - which brought the number of overnight crossings up to fourteen, plus additional daylight crossings in peak times. In January 2004 a third ship, the slightly smaller ''Spirit of Tasmania III'', started the Devonport to [[Sydney]] route. Two container ships owned by [[Toll Shipping]] also make daily crossings between [[Burnie, Tasmania|Burnie]] and [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]]. The port of Hobart also serves as a host to visiting cruise ships and prior to the [[September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] was a regular port of call for [[United States Navy]] ships returning home from the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Persian Gulf]].
 
Tasmania, [[Hobart]] in particular, serves as Australia's chief sea link to the [[Antarctic]] and South Pacific, with the [[Australian Antarctic Division]] located in [[Kingston, Tasmania|Kingston]]. Hobart is also the home port of the French ship ''l'Astrolabe'' which makes regular supply runs to the [[French Southern Territories]] near and in Antarctica.
 
Within the state, the primary form of transport is by road. Since the [[1980s]], many of the states [[List of Tasmania highways|highways]] have undergone regular upgrades. These include the Hobart Southern Outlet, Launceston Southern Outlet, [[Bass Highway, Tasmania|Bass Highway]] re-construction, and the [[Huon Highway]].
 
Tasmania's [[rail_transport|rail network]] consists of [[narrow gauge]] lines to all four major population centers and to [[mining]] or [[forestry]] operations on the west coast and north-west. Regular passenger [[train]] services in the state ceased in [[1977]]; the only trains are for freight, and tourist trains in specific areas. The [[West Coast Wilderness Railway]] being a good example of a recently rebuilt tourism specific railway (2002).
 
== Events ==
[[ไฟล์:Constitution_Dock.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Constitution Dock]]
In order to foster tourism, the state government encourages or supports several different annual events in and around the island. The best known of these would be the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race|Sydney to Hobart]] [[Yacht racing|Yacht Race]] [http://rolexsydneyhobart.com], starting on [[Boxing Day]] in Sydney and usually arriving at Constitution Dock in Hobart around three to four days later, during the [[Hobart Summer Festival]] [http://www.hobartcity.com.au/hsf/].
 
The [[Targa Tasmania]] [[rally racing|road rally]] [http://www.targa.org.au], usually held in late April or early May, attracts world class rally drivers and is staged all over the state, over five days.
 
[[Agfest]] [http://www.agfest.com.au] is a three day agricultural show held at [[Carrick, Tasmania|Carrick]] (just west of Launceston) in early May, and despite its agricultural focus it attracts city and country residents - 75000 people in 2004. Other major shows include the [[Royal Hobart Show]] and [[Royal Launceston Show]], held in October of each year.
 
A recent addition to the state has been the [[10 Days on the Island]] arts [[festival]] - however it has drawn criticism from environmental groups for its acceptance of sponsorship from forestry company [[Gunns Limited|Gunns]].
 
The [[Basin Concert]] was a now defunct music concert held at the [[Cataract Gorge]] in Launceston. Current festivals include [[Gone South]] [http://www.gonesouth.com.au], held four times since 1999, and the [[Falls Festival]] [http://www.fallsfestival.com], a [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]n event now held in both Victoria and Tasmania on [[New Year's Eve]].
 
The [[Antarctic Midwinter Festival]] [http://www.antarctic-tasmania.info] celebrates Hobart's special connection with the Antarctic, on the [[winter solstice]] in June each year.
 
== Prominent Tasmanians ==
''Main article:'' [[List of Prominent Tasmanians]]
 
For a small population base Tasmania has produced a number of significant people in many areas including the actor [[Errol Flynn]], the [[Crown Princess Mary of Denmark]] (Mary Donaldson) and Australian cricket captain [[Ricky Ponting]].
 
== Indigenous animals ==
=== Thylacine ===
The island of Tasmania was home to the [[Thylacine]], a marsupial equivalent of a wild dog. Known colloquially as the ''Tasmanian Tiger'' because of the distinctive striping across its back, it became extinct on mainland Australia much earlier because of the introduction of the [[dingo]]. Due to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters, and, in the final years, collectors for overseas museums, it also appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The last known animal died in captivity in [[1936]]. Many alleged sightings have been recorded, none of them confirmed.
 
=== Tasmanian Devil ===
The [[Tasmanian Devil]] is a carnivorous [[marsupial]] found exclusively on the island of Tasmania. The size of a small dog but stocky and muscular, the Tasmanian Devil is characterised by its black fur (with white patches) , offensive odour when stressed, loud and disturbing screeching, and vicious temperament. The Devil survived European settlement and until recently was widespread and fairly common throughout Tasmania.
 
[[As of 2005]] the Tasmanian Devil population has been reduced by about 90% in many areas of Tasmania by [[Devil facial tumour disease]]. It is believed the majority have died of starvation when the tumours have spread to their mouths and that the tumours spread by fighting between devils - typically, fighting devils will bite one another's faces.
 
=== Birds ===
Many [[bird]]s of the Australian mainland and [[Southern Ocean]] also occur in Tasmania. Tasmania has 12 endemic [[bird]] [[species]]:
4 [[honeyeater]]s (family Melaphagidae) - the yellow wattlebird (world's largest honeyeater) and the yellow-throated, black-headed and strong-billed honeyeaters;
3 Australo-Papuan warblers (family Acanthizidae) - the Tasmanian thornbill, the scrubtit and the Tasmanian scrubwren;
1 pardalote (family [[Pardalotidae]]) - the rare and endangered [[forty-spotted pardalote]];
1 old-world flycatcher (family Muscicapidae) - the dusky robin;
1 corvid (family Corvidae) - the black currawong;
1 parrot (family Psittacidae) - the [[green rosella]]; and
1 rail (family Rallidae) - the [[Tasmanian native hen]], Australia's only flightless bird other than the giant [[ratite]]s ([[emu]] and [[southern cassowary]]).
The endemic Tasmanian Emu was exterminated in the mid-1800s.
 
== Places in Tasmania ==
[[ไฟล์:CradleMountainTas.jpg|250px|frame|Dove Lake and Cradle Mountain, Central Tasmanian Highlands]]
{| valign=top
|-
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'''Islands:'''
* [[Bruny Island]]
* [[Flinders Island]]
* [[King Island, Tasmania|King Island]]
* [[Cape Barren Island]]
* [[Maria Island]]
* [[Macquarie Island]]
* [[Boundary Islet]]
 
'''Lakes:'''
* [[Great Lake, Tasmania|Great Lake]]
* [[Lake Pedder]]
* [[Lake Gordon]]
* [[Lake St Clair, Tasmania|Lake St Clair]]
 
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'''Significant bridges:'''
* [[Tasman Bridge]]
* [[Bowen Bridge]]
* [[Batman Bridge]]
* [[Bridgewater Bridge]]
* [[Ross Bridge]]
* [[Richmond Bridge]]
 
'''Beaches:'''
* [[Sisters Beach]]
* [[Boat Harbour]]
* [[Coles Bay]]
* [[Bakers Beach]]
* [[Ocean Beach]]
* [[Wine Glass Bay]]
 
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''' Main highways:'''
* [[Arthur Highway]]
* [[Bass Highway, Tasmania|Bass Highway]]
* [[Brooker Highway]]
* [[Channel Highway]]
* [[East Tamar Highway]]
* [[Esk Highway]]
* [[Lake Highway]]
* [[Lyell Highway]]
* [[Midlands Highway]]
* [[Murchison Highway]]
* [[Tasman Highway]]
* [[West Tamar Highway]]
 
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'''Rivers:'''
* [[Derwent River, Tasmania|Derwent River]]
* [[Tamar River, Tasmania|Tamar River]]
* [[Gordon River]]
* [[Franklin River]]
* [[King River, Tasmania| King River]]
* [[Mersey River (Australia)|Mersey River]]
* [[North Esk River]]
* [[South Esk River]]
* [[Styx River (Tasmania)|Styx River]]
* [[Arthur River]]
* [[Picton River]]
* [[Savage River (Tasmania)|Savage River]]
* [[Leven River]]
* [[Huon River]]
 
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'''Mountains:'''
* [[Cradle Mountain]]
* [[Mount Wellington, Tasmania|Mount Wellington]]
* [[Ben Lomond, Tasmania|Ben Lomond]]
* [[Mount Field, Tasmania|Mount Field]]
* [[Mount Ossa]]
* [[Federation Peak]]
* [[Frenchmans Cap]]
* [[West Coast Range]]
* [[Great Western Tiers]]
 
'''Regions:'''
* [[Tasman Peninsula]]
* [[Freycinet Peninsula]]
* [[Central Highlands]]
* [[Midlands, Tasmania|Midlands]]
* [[Tamar Valley]]
* [[Derwent Valley]]
* [[West Coast, Tasmania|West Coast]]
* [[North West Coast]]
* [[East Coast, Tasmania|East Coast]]
* [[South West Wilderness]]
|}
 
''See also:'' List of Australian [[List of islands of Australia|islands]], [[Lakes of Australia|lakes]], [[List of bridges#Australia|bridges]], [[List of Australian highways|highways]], [[List of rivers of Australia|rivers]], [[List of mountains in Australia|mountains]] and [[List of regions in Australia|regions]].
 
== Related topics ==
* [[Protected areas of Tasmania (Australia)|Protected areas of Tasmania]]
* [[University of Tasmania]]
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== อ้างอิง ==